{
"in": "1 For a contrary view, see G. Jones, \u2018 \u201cTraditional\u201d Legal Scholarship: a Personal View\u2019 in What Are Law Schools For?, ed. P. Birks (1996) 14.",
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"citation-number": "1",
"author": "G. Jones",
"title": "\u201cTraditional\u201d Legal Scholarship: a Personal View",
"container-title": "What Are Law Schools For",
"editor": "P. Birks",
"date": "1996"
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"in": "3 R. Goff, \u2018The Search for Principle\u2019 (1983) Proceeedings of the British Academy 169, at 171. This is an amplification of Dicey\u2019s remark that \u2018[b]y adequate study and careful thought whole departments of law can . . . be reduced to order and exhibited under the form of a few principles which sum up the effect of a hundred cases . . .\u2019. A. Dicey, Can English Law be taught at the Universities? (1883) 20.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "3",
"author": "R. Goff",
"title": "The Search for Principle",
"date": "1983",
"journal": "Proceeedings of the British Academy"
},
{
"citation-number": "3",
"author": "A. Dicey",
"title": "Can English Law be taught at the Universities",
"date": "1883"
}
]
}
{
"in": "4 J. Smith, The Law of Contract (1989)",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "4",
"author": "J. Smith",
"title": "The Law of Contract",
"date": "1989"
}
]
}
{
"in": "6 See, for example, D. Kennedy, \u2018Form and substance in Private Law Ajudication\u2019 (1976) 89 Harvard Law Rev. 1685.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "6",
"author": "D. Kennedy",
"title": "Form and substance in Private Law Ajudication",
"date": "1976",
"journal": "Harvard Law Rev"
}
]
}
{
"in": "7 B. Hepple, \u2018The Renewal of the Liberal Law Degree\u2019 (1996) Cambridge Law J. 470, at 485 and 481.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "7",
"author": "B. Hepple",
"title": "The Renewal of the Liberal Law Degree",
"date": "1996",
"journal": "Cambridge Law J"
}
]
}
{
"in": "8 P.A. Thomas, \u2018Introduction\u2019 in Socio-Legal Studies, ed. P.A. Thomas (1997) 19.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "8",
"author": "P.A. Thomas",
"title": "Introduction",
"container-title": "Socio-Legal Studies",
"editor": "P.A. Thomas",
"date": "1997"
}
]
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{
"in": "9 R. Cotterrell, Law\u2019s Community (1995) 296.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "9",
"author": "R. Cotterrell",
"title": "Law\u2019s Community",
"date": "1995"
}
]
}
{
"in": "10 Socio-legal studies has been defined in many different ways. In this essay the term is taken to indicate the use of ideas \u2018from other disciplines primarily but not exclusively from within the social science and humanities fields\u2019. S. Wheeler, \u2018Company Law\u2019 in Thomas, op. cit., n. 8, at p. 285.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "10",
"author": "S. Wheeler",
"title": "Company Law",
"editor": "in Thomas",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 8"
}
]
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{
"in": "11 Some fail wholly. It is difficult to see any effect on academic legal education that resulted from Lady Marre\u2019s report A Time for Change (1988). The Jarratt report on universities produced for the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (CVCP), Report of the Steering Committee for Efficiency studies in Universities (1988), produced much comment but little action. Even those that are thought of as being a success are not wholly implemented. Despite Ormrod\u2019s recommendations no Institute of Profesional Legal Studies was set up and the universities and colleges of higher education did not take sole responsibility for vocational legal training (Report of the Committee on Legal Education (1971; Cmnd 4595) ch. 9, recs. 40 and 23). There were also other recommendations that were not implemented. The Robbins report on higher education, Higher Education (1963; Cmnd. 2154) took it is axiomatic that \u2018courses of higher education should be available for all those who are qualified by ability and attainment to pursue them and wish to do so\u2019 (para. 31). This has yet to happen.",
"out": [
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"citation-number": "11",
"author": "Lady Marre\u2019s",
"title": "report A Time for Change",
"date": "1988"
},
{
"citation-number": "11",
"date": "1988",
"title": "Report of the Committee on Legal Education"
},
{
"citation-number": "11",
"date": "1971"
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{
"citation-number": "11",
"legal-ref": "Cmnd 4595)",
"title": "The Robbins report on higher education, Higher Education",
"date": "1963"
},
{
"citation-number": "11",
"legal-ref": "Cmnd. 2154)"
}
]
}
{
"in": "12 National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education, Higher Education in the learning society (1997) (the Dearing report); ACLEC, First Report on Legal Education and Training (1996). The Government\u2019s White Paper on further and higher education had not been published at the time of writing this essay. 13 ACLEC, id., para 4.6.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "12",
"author": "National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education",
"title": "Higher Education in the learning society",
"date": "1997"
},
{
"citation-number": "12",
"author": "ACLEC",
"title": "First Report on Legal Education and Training",
"date": "1996"
},
{
"citation-number": "13",
"author": "ACLEC",
"backref": "id"
}
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{
"in": "14 ACLEC\u2019s proposal is part of an historical process which has gradually seen English university law schools distance themselves from the legal professions and the legal professions propose decreasing degrees of control over the content of law degrees. (See A. Bradney and F. Cownie, \u2018Working on the Chain Gang?\u2019 (1996) 2 Contemporary Issues in Law 15, at 24\u20136).",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "14",
"author": "A. Bradney and F. Cownie",
"title": "Working on the Chain Gang",
"date": "1996",
"journal": "Contemporary Issues in Law"
}
]
}
{
"in": "15 J. MacFarlane, M. Jeeves, and A. Boon, \u2018Education for Life or for Work?\u2019 (1987) 137 New Law J. 835, at 836.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "15",
"author": "J. MacFarlane, M. Jeeves, and A. Boon",
"title": "Education for Life or for Work",
"date": "1987",
"journal": "New Law J"
}
]
}
{
"in": "16 T.H. Huxley, \u2018Universities: Actual and Ideal\u2019 in T.H. Huxley, Collected Essays: Volume III (1905) 215.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "16",
"author": "T.H. Huxley",
"title": "Universities: Actual and Ideal",
"container-title": "T.H. Huxley, Collected Essays",
"date": "1905"
}
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{
"in": "17 J.S. Mill, \u2018Inaugural address to the University of St Andrews\u2019 in Collected Work of John Stuart Mill: Volume XXI, ed. J.M. Robson (1984) 218.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "17",
"author": "J.S. Mill",
"title": "Inaugural address to the University of St Andrews",
"container-title": "Collected Work of John Stuart Mill: Volume",
"editor": "J.M. Robson",
"date": "1984"
}
]
}
{
"in": "18 Dearing, op. cit., n. 12, para. 9.32.",
"out": [
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"citation-number": "18",
"author": "Dearing",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 12"
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{
"in": "19 id., para. 5.11.",
"out": [
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"citation-number": "19",
"backref": "id"
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{
"in": "20 F.R. Leavis, Education and the University (1948) 28. Leavis\u2019s view was narrowly nationalistic. For \u2018centre\u2019 it would be better to substitute \u2018centres\u2019.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "20",
"author": "F.R. Leavis",
"title": "Education and the University",
"date": "1948"
}
]
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{
"in": "21 See, further, A. Bradney, \u2018Liberalising Legal Education\u2019 in The Law School: Global Issues, Local Questions, ed. F. Cownie (forthcoming).",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "21",
"author": "A. Bradney",
"title": "Liberalising Legal Education",
"container-title": "The Law School: Global Issues, Local Questions"
}
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{
"in": "22 P. Goodrich, \u2018 Of Blackstone\u2019s Tower: Metephors of Distance and Histories of the English Law School\u2019 in Birks, op. cit., n. 1, p. 59. 23 S. Turow, One L (1977) 106.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "22",
"author": "P. Goodrich,",
"title": "Of Blackstone\u2019s Tower: Metephors of Distance and Histories of the English Law School",
"backref": "in Birks, op. cit., n. 1",
"journal": "S. Turow, One L",
"date": "1977"
}
]
}
{
"in": "24 O. Kahn-Freund, \u2018Reflections on Legal Education\u2019 (1966) 29 Modern Law Rev. 121, at 129.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "24",
"author": "O. Kahn-Freund",
"title": "Reflections on Legal Education",
"date": "1966",
"journal": "Modern Law Rev"
}
]
}
{
"in": "25 Kahn-Freund believed ... legal argument (Kahn-Freund, id.).",
"out": [
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"citation-number": "25",
"author": "Kahn-Freund",
"backref": "id.)"
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{
"in": "26 Leavis, op. cit., n. 20, p. 120.",
"out": [
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"citation-number": "26",
"author": "Leavis",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 20"
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{
"in": "29 Leavis has, of course, been widely criticized for the cultural and gender assumptions that lie behind his selection of material to be studied. (See, for example, M. King, The New English Literatures (1980) at 216\u201317.) Whatever the accuracy of these criticisms, they are criticisms of the application of the method rather than the method itself.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "29",
"author": "M. King",
"title": "The New English Literatures",
"date": "1980"
}
]
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{
"in": "30 Jurisprudence by Sir John Salmond, ed. G. Willliams (10th ed., 1947) at 256 and 257.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "30",
"title": "Jurisprudence by Sir John Salmond",
"editor": "G. Willliams (10th",
"date": "1947"
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{
"in": "31 So much so that when other disciplines engage with law they must develop their own concepts to analyse law rather than rely on the concepts already developed in law. See, for example, E. Durkheim The Division of Labour in Society (1933) 68.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "31",
"author": "E. Durkheim",
"title": "The Division of Labour in Society",
"date": "1933"
}
]
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{
"in": "32 M. Le Brun and R. Johnstone, The Quiet Revolution: Improving Student Learning in Law (1994) 65. On the effect on women students, see \u2018Define and Empower: Women Students Consider Feminist Learning\u2019 (1990) I Law and Critique 47 at pp. 54\u201355. For a survey of CLS and feminist literature on this general point, see W. Conklin, \u2018The Invisible Author of Legal Authority\u2019 (1996) VII Law and Critique 173 at pp. 173\u20136.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "32",
"author": "M. Le Brun and R. Johnstone",
"title": "The Quiet Revolution: Improving Student Learning in Law",
"date": "1994"
},
{
"citation-number": "32",
"title": "Define and Empower: Women Students Consider Feminist Learning",
"date": "1990",
"journal": "Law and Critique"
},
{
"citation-number": "32",
"author": "W. Conklin",
"title": "The Invisible Author of Legal Authority",
"date": "1996",
"journal": "Law and Critique"
}
]
}
{
"in": "33 R. Collier, \u2018Masculinism, Law and Law Teaching\u2019 (1991) 19 International J. of the Sociology of Law 427, at 429.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "33",
"author": "R. Collier",
"title": "Masculinism, Law and Law Teaching",
"date": "1991",
"journal": "International J. of the Sociology of Law"
}
]
}
{
"in": "34 P. McAuslan, \u2018Administrative Law, Collective Consumption and Judicial Policy\u2019 (1983) 46 Modern Law Rev. 1, at 8.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "34",
"author": "P. McAuslan",
"title": "Administrative Law, Collective Consumption and Judicial Policy",
"date": "1983",
"journal": "Modern Law Rev"
}
]
}
{
"in": "35 Le Brun and Johnstone, op. cit, n. 32, pp. 71\u20135.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "35",
"author": "Le Brun and Johnstone",
"backref": "op. cit, n. 32"
}
]
}
{
"in": "38 Goodrich, op. cit., n. 22.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "38",
"author": "Goodrich",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 22"
}
]
}
{
"in": "39 P. Samuelson, \u2018The Convergence of the Law School and the University\u2019 (1975) 44 The Am. Scholar 256, at 258.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "39",
"author": "P. Samuelson",
"title": "The Convergence of the Law School and the University",
"date": "1975",
"journal": "The Am. Scholar"
}
]
}
{
"in": "40 P. Harris and M. Jones \u2018A Survey of Law Schools in the United Kingdom, 1996\u2019 (1997) 31 The Law Teacher 38, at 46.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "40",
"author": "P. Harris and M. Jones",
"title": "A Survey of Law Schools in the United Kingdom, 1996",
"date": "1997",
"journal": "The Law Teacher"
}
]
}
{
"in": "41 J. Wilson , \u2018A third survey of university legal education\u2019 (1993) 13 Legal Studies 143, at 152.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "41",
"author": "J. Wilson",
"title": "A third survey of university legal education",
"date": "1993",
"journal": "Legal Studies"
}
]
}
{
"in": "42 Thus, for example, Harris and Jones reported that 59.2 per cent of all particpating institutions offered foriegn language tuition as part of their standard LLB programme. (Harris and Jones, op. cit., n. 40, at p. 54).",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "42",
"author": "Jones",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 40"
}
]
}
{
"in": "43 P. Leighton, T. Mortimer, and N. Whatley, Law Teachers: Lawyers or Academics? (1995)",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "43",
"author": "P. Leighton, T. Mortimer, and N. Whatley",
"title": "Law Teachers: Lawyers or Academics",
"date": "1995"
}
]
}
{
"in": "34. This would include teaching both non-law degree students and sub-degree students. 44 id., p 35",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "34.",
"backref": "44 id"
}
]
}
{
"in": "45 L. Skwarok, \u2018Business Law for Non-Lawyers: Setting the Stage for Teaching, Learning and Assessment at Hong Kong Polytechnic University\u2019 (1995) 29 The Law Teacher 189, at 189.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "45",
"author": "L. Skwarok",
"title": "Business Law for Non-Lawyers: Setting the Stage for Teaching, Learning and Assessment at Hong Kong Polytechnic University",
"date": "1995",
"journal": "The Law Teacher"
}
]
}
{
"in": "46 N. Bastin, \u2018Law, Law Staff and CNAA Business Studies Degree Courses\u2019 (1985) 19 The Law Teacher 12, at 13.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "46",
"author": "N. Bastin",
"title": "Law, Law Staff and CNAA Business Studies Degree Courses",
"date": "1985",
"journal": "The Law Teacher"
}
]
}
{
"in": "47 A. Ridley, \u2018Legal Skills for Non-Law Students: Added Value or Irrelevant Diversion?\u2019 (1994) 28 The Law Teacher 281, at 282.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "47",
"author": "A. Ridley",
"title": "Legal Skills for Non-Law Students: Added Value or Irrelevant Diversion",
"date": "1994",
"journal": "The Law Teacher"
}
]
}
{
"in": "48 G. Cartan and T. Vilkinas, \u2018Legal Literacy for Managers: The Role of the Educator\u2019 (1990) 24 The Law Teacher 246, at 248.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "48",
"author": "G. Cartan and T. Vilkinas",
"title": "Legal Literacy for Managers: The Role of the Educator",
"date": "1990",
"journal": "The Law Teacher"
}
]
}
{
"in": "49 Ridley, op. cit., n. 47, at p. 284.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "49",
"author": "Ridley",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 47"
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{
"in": "50 This, of course, is not always the case. For example, the BA Economics and Law degree at Leicester has a special course in each year given over to the consideration of the relationship between economics and law.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "50"
}
]
}
{
"in": "51 P. Birks, \u2018Short Cuts\u2019 in Pressing Problems in the Law, ed. P. Birks (1994) 10\u201324.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "51",
"author": "P. Birks",
"title": "Short Cuts",
"container-title": "Pressing Problems in the Law",
"editor": "P. Birks",
"date": "1994"
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{
"in": "52 Ridley, op. cit., n. 47, p. 283.",
"out": [
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"citation-number": "52",
"author": "Ridley",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 47"
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{
"in": "53 Cartan and Vilkinas, op. cit., n. 48, p. 248.",
"out": [
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"citation-number": "53",
"author": "Cartan and Vilkinas",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 48"
}
]
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{
"in": "54 P. Harris, \u2018Curriculum Development in Legal Studies\u2019 (1986) 20 The Law Teacher 110, at 112.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "54",
"author": "P. Harris",
"title": "Curriculum Development in Legal Studies",
"date": "1986",
"journal": "The Law Teacher"
}
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}
{
"in": "55 Dearing, op. cit., n. 12, para 9.3.",
"out": [
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"citation-number": "55",
"author": "Dearing",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 12"
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}
{
"in": "57 G. Steiner, Errata: An Examined Life (1997) 20.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "57",
"author": "G. Steiner",
"title": "Errata: An Examined Life",
"date": "1997"
}
]
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