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Commit ba7c6786 authored by Christian Boulanger's avatar Christian Boulanger
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Update convert-anystyle-data experiment

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View file @ ba7c6786
%% Cell type:markdown id:ae7e001161d678cc tags:
Convert AmyStyle training data to a simple JSONL format
## Convert AmyStyle training data to a simple JSONL format
%% Cell type:code id:f101a4e2408d6313 tags:
``` python
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
import json
import regex as re
import glob
import os
def xml_to_jsonl(input_xml_path, output_jsonl_path, tags):
tree = ET.parse(input_xml_path)
root = tree.getroot()
with (open(output_jsonl_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f):
for sequence in root.findall('sequence'):
output = []
for element in sequence:
for tag in tags:
fn = None
if type(tag) is tuple:
tag, fn = tag
if element.tag == tag:
value = fn(element.text) if callable(fn) else element.text
is_new_ref = (len(output) == 0 # if no refs yet
or tag == "citation-number"
or tag in output[-1] # or tag already exists
or (tag in ["author", "editor", "authority", "legal-ref"] and 'date' in output[-1])) # or a creator field follows a date field
if is_new_ref:
output.append({})
# add citation number from previous citation
if len(output) > 1 and 'citation-number' in tags and tag != "citation-number" and 'citation-number' in output[-2]:
output[-1]['citation-number'] = output[-2]['citation-number']
# merge tags
if tag == "authority":
tag = "author"
output[-1][tag] = value
if len(output) > 0:
instance = {
"in" : " ".join(element.text.strip() if element.text else '' for element in sequence),
"out" : output
}
f.write(json.dumps(instance) + '\n')
def remove_punctuation(text):
start, end = 0, len(text)
while start < len(text) and re.match("\p{P}", text[start]) and text[start] not in ")]":
start += 1
while end > start and re.match("\p{P}", text[end - 1]) and text[end - 1] not in ")]":
end -= 1
return text[start:end].strip()
def clean_editor(text):
text = re.sub(r'în:? ?', '', text.strip(), flags=re.IGNORECASE)
text = re.sub(r'hrsg\. v\.|hg\. v|hrsg|ed\.|eds\.', '', text, flags=re.IGNORECASE)
return remove_punctuation(text)
def clean_container(text):
return remove_punctuation(re.sub(r'^(in|aus|from)(:| )', '', text.strip(), flags=re.IGNORECASE))
def extract_year(text):
m = re.search( r'[12][0-9]{3}', text)
return m.group(0) if m else None
for input_file in glob.glob('in/*.xml'):
base_name = os.path.basename(input_file)
output_file = f'out/{os.path.splitext(base_name)[0]}.jsonl'
schema_file = f'jsonl/{os.path.splitext(base_name)[0]}.jsonl'
print(f'Processing {input_file}')
xml_to_jsonl(input_file, output_file, [
xml_to_jsonl(input_file, schema_file, [
'citation-number',
("author", remove_punctuation),
("editor", clean_editor),
("authority", remove_punctuation),
("title", remove_punctuation),
("legal-ref", remove_punctuation),
("container-title", clean_container),
("journal", clean_container),
("date", extract_year),
("backref", remove_punctuation)
])
```
%% Output
Processing in\10.1111_1467-6478.00057.xml
Processing in\10.1111_1467-6478.00080.xml
Processing in\10.1515_zfrs-1980-0103.xml
Processing in\10.1515_zfrs-1980-0104.xml
%% Cell type:markdown id:6b14734c9c1f6ea6 tags:
## Create JSON and MarkML schema from JSON data
%% Cell type:code id:43e2040fed89c0bd tags:
``` python
# Adapted from https://github.com/linkml/schema-automator/blob/main/tests/test_generalizers/test_json_data_generalizer.py
import glob
import os
import pandas as pd
import json
from schema_automator.generalizers.json_instance_generalizer import JsonDataGeneralizer
from linkml.generators.yamlgen import YAMLGenerator
from schema_automator.utils.schemautils import write_schema
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore") # Suppress irrelevant timezone warning
WRITE_EXTENDED_SCHEMA = False
ie = JsonDataGeneralizer()
for input_file in glob.glob('jsonl/*.jsonl'):
base_name = os.path.basename(input_file)
base_name_no_ext = os.path.splitext(base_name)[0]
json_file = f'json/{base_name_no_ext}.json'
schema_file = f'schema/{base_name_no_ext}-schema.yaml'
extended_schema_file = f'schema/{base_name_no_ext}-schema2.yaml'
print(f'Processing {input_file}')
with open(input_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as input_buf:
df = pd.read_json(input_file, lines=True)
flat_list = [item for sublist in df['out'].tolist() for item in sublist if pd.notna(item)]
with open(json_file, 'w') as f:
json.dump(flat_list, f)
schema = ie.convert(json_file, format='json')
write_schema(schema, schema_file)
if WRITE_EXTENDED_SCHEMA:
s = YAMLGenerator(schema_file).serialize()
with open(extended_schema_file, 'w') as stream:
stream.write(s)
```
%% Output
Processing jsonl\10.1111_1467-6478.00057.jsonl
Processing jsonl\10.1111_1467-6478.00080.jsonl
Processing jsonl\10.1515_zfrs-1980-0103.jsonl
Processing jsonl\10.1515_zfrs-1980-0104.jsonl
%% Cell type:code id:ca27199d10d9b8bf tags:
``` python
```
......
convert-anystyle-data/json/10.1111_1467-6478.00057.json 0 → 100644
+ 695
− 0
View file @ ba7c6786
[
{
"citation-number": "1",
"author": "A. Phillips",
"title": "Citizenship and Feminist Politics",
"container-title": "Citizenship",
"editor": "G. Andrews",
"date": "1991"
},
{
"citation-number": "2",
"author": "T. Brennan and C. Pateman",
"title": "Mere Auxiliaries to the Commonwealth\u201d: Women and the Origins of Liberalism",
"date": "1979",
"journal": "Political Studies"
},
{
"citation-number": "3",
"author": "M. Sawer and M. Simms",
"title": "A Woman\u2019s Place: Women and Politics in Australia",
"date": "1993"
},
{
"citation-number": "4",
"title": "Embodying the Citizen",
"container-title": "Public and Private: Feminist Legal Debates",
"editor": "M. Thornton",
"date": "1995"
},
{
"citation-number": "4",
"title": "Historicising Citizenship: Remembering Broken Promises",
"date": "1996",
"journal": "Melbourne University Law Rev"
},
{
"citation-number": "5",
"author": "S. Walby",
"title": "Is Citizenship Gendered",
"date": "1994",
"journal": "Sociology"
},
{
"citation-number": "6",
"author": "I. Kant",
"title": "Metaphysical First Principles of the Doctrine of Right",
"container-title": "The Metaphysics of Morals",
"date": "1991"
},
{
"citation-number": "7",
"author": "U. Vogel",
"title": "Marriage and the Boundaries of Citizenship",
"container-title": "The Condition of Citizenship",
"editor": "B. van Steenbergen",
"date": "1994"
},
{
"citation-number": "8",
"author": "N. Fraser and L. Gordon",
"title": "Civil Citizenship against Social Citizenship",
"backref": "in id"
},
{
"citation-number": "9",
"author": "Vogel",
"backref": "id.,"
},
{
"citation-number": "9",
"author": "W. Blackstone",
"title": "Commentaries",
"date": "1979"
},
{
"citation-number": "11",
"author": "Vogel",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 7"
},
{
"citation-number": "12",
"editor": "F. Haug ()",
"title": "Female Sexualization: A Collective Work of Memory",
"date": "1987"
},
{
"citation-number": "13",
"author": "A. Bottomley",
"title": "Self and Subjectivities: Languages of Claim in Property Law",
"date": "1993",
"journal": "J. of Law and Society"
},
{
"citation-number": "14",
"author": "D. West",
"title": "Power and Formation: New Foundations for a Radical Concept of Power",
"date": "1987"
},
{
"citation-number": "30",
"title": "Inquiry 137",
"author": "M. Foucault"
},
{
"citation-number": "30",
"title": "Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972\u20131977",
"editor": "C. Gordon",
"date": "1980"
},
{
"citation-number": "15",
"author": "M.J. Mossman",
"title": "Feminism, and Legal Method: The Difference it Makes",
"date": "1986",
"journal": "Aust. J. of Law and Society"
},
{
"citation-number": "16",
"author": "H.S. Maine",
"title": "Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society and its Relation to Modern Ideas",
"date": "1912"
},
{
"citation-number": "17",
"author": "M.J. Horwitz",
"title": "The Transformation of American Law, 1780\u20131860",
"date": "1977"
},
{
"citation-number": "18",
"author": "M. Grossberg",
"title": "Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America",
"date": "1985"
},
{
"citation-number": "19",
"author": "S. Staves",
"title": "Married Women\u2019s Separate Property in England, 1660\u20131833",
"date": "1990"
},
{
"citation-number": "20",
"author": "R.B. Siegel",
"title": "The Rule of Love\u201d: Wife Beating as Prerogative and Privacy",
"date": "1996",
"journal": "Yale Law J"
},
{
"citation-number": "21",
"author": "C. Pateman",
"title": "The Sexual Contract",
"date": "1988"
},
{
"citation-number": "21",
"author": "K. O\u2019Donovan",
"title": "Family Matters",
"date": "1993"
},
{
"citation-number": "23",
"legal-ref": "Crimes (Sexual Assault) Amendment Act",
"date": "1981"
},
{
"citation-number": "23",
"legal-ref": "Criminal Law Consolidation Act Amendment Act",
"date": "1976"
},
{
"citation-number": "23",
"legal-ref": "Criminal Code (Sexual Offences) Act",
"date": "1987"
},
{
"citation-number": "23",
"legal-ref": "Crimes (Sexual Offences)",
"date": "1991"
},
{
"citation-number": "23",
"legal-ref": "Acts Amendment (Sexual Assault) Act",
"date": "1985"
},
{
"citation-number": "23",
"legal-ref": "R. v. L",
"date": "1991"
},
{
"citation-number": "23",
"legal-ref": "103 A.L.R. 577)"
},
{
"citation-number": "23",
"legal-ref": "R. v. R",
"date": "1991",
"journal": "All E.R"
},
{
"citation-number": "23",
"legal-ref": "257)"
},
{
"citation-number": "24",
"author": "M. Freeman",
"title": "Contracting in the Haven: Balfour v. Balfour Revisited",
"container-title": "Exploring the Boundaries of Contract",
"editor": "R. Halson",
"date": "1996"
},
{
"citation-number": "24",
"author": "R. Collier",
"title": "Masculinity, Law and the Family",
"date": "1995"
},
{
"citation-number": "24",
"author": "Collier"
},
{
"citation-number": "25",
"author": "P.S. Atiyah",
"title": "An Introduction to the Law of Contract",
"date": "1995"
},
{
"citation-number": "26",
"title": "A.L.R.C., Matrimonial Property",
"journal": "report no. 37",
"date": "1987"
},
{
"citation-number": "26",
"author": "A.L.R.C",
"title": "Report of the Joint Select Committee on Certain Aspects of the Operation and Interpretation of the Family Law Act",
"date": "1992"
},
{
"citation-number": "26",
"author": "M. Neave",
"title": "Private Ordering in Family Law \u2013 Will Women Benefit",
"container-title": "Thornton",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 4"
},
{
"citation-number": "26",
"author": "C. Dalton",
"title": "An Essay in the Deconstruction of Contract Doctrine",
"date": "1985",
"journal": "Yale Law J"
},
{
"citation-number": "27",
"author": "L. J. Weitzman",
"title": "The Marriage Contract: Spouses, Lovers, and the Law",
"date": "1981"
},
{
"citation-number": "28",
"author": "Grossberg",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 18"
},
{
"citation-number": "29",
"author": "Balfour v. Balfour",
"date": "1919"
},
{
"citation-number": "30",
"author": "Freeman",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 24"
},
{
"citation-number": "30",
"author": "M.C. Regan Jr",
"title": "Family Law and the Pursuit of Intimacy",
"date": "1993"
},
{
"citation-number": "31",
"author": "For example",
"legal-ref": "Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act",
"date": "1970"
},
{
"citation-number": "31",
"legal-ref": "Domestic Relations Act",
"date": "1975"
},
{
"citation-number": "31",
"legal-ref": "Marriage Act Amendment Act",
"date": "1976"
},
{
"citation-number": "32",
"author": "G.S. Frost",
"title": "Promises Broken: Courtship, Class, and Gender in Victorian England (1995)"
},
{
"citation-number": "32",
"author": "Thornton",
"backref": "op. cit",
"date": "1996"
},
{
"citation-number": "33",
"author": "Grossberg",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 18"
},
{
"citation-number": "34",
"author": "U. Vogel",
"title": "Is Citizenship Gender-Specific",
"container-title": "The Frontiers of Citizenship",
"editor": "U. Vogel and M. Moran",
"date": "1991"
},
{
"citation-number": "35",
"legal-ref": "Bradwell v. Illinois 83 U.S. (16 Wall) 130",
"date": "1873"
},
{
"citation-number": "36",
"author": "J. Pahl",
"title": "Money and Marriage",
"date": "1989"
},
{
"citation-number": "37",
"author": "Although"
},
{
"citation-number": "37",
"author": "S. Parker, P. Parkinson, and J. Behrens",
"title": "Australian Family Law in Context: Commentary and Materials",
"date": "1994"
},
{
"citation-number": "37",
"author": "J.T. Oldham",
"title": "Management of the Community Estate during an Intact Marriage",
"date": "1993",
"journal": "Law and Contemporary Problems"
},
{
"citation-number": "37",
"author": "C. Donahue, Jr",
"title": "What Causes Fundamental Legal Ideas? Marital Property in England and France in the Thirteenth Century",
"date": "1979",
"journal": "Michigan Law Rev"
},
{
"citation-number": "38",
"author": "O\u2019Donovan",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 21"
},
{
"citation-number": "38",
"author": "Collier",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 24"
},
{
"citation-number": "39",
"author": "N. Naffine",
"title": "Sexing the Subject (of Law)",
"editor": "in Thornton",
"backref": "op. cit",
"date": "1995"
},
{
"citation-number": "39",
"backref": "n. 4"
},
{
"citation-number": "40",
"journal": "Contracts Review Act",
"date": "1980"
},
{
"citation-number": "41",
"author": "J. Nedelsky",
"title": "Private Property and the Limits of American Constitutionalism: The Madisonian Framework and its Legacy",
"date": "1990"
},
{
"citation-number": "42",
"author": "C.B. Macpherson",
"title": "Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval",
"date": "1973"
},
{
"citation-number": "43",
"author": "N. Howell",
"title": "Sexually Transmitted Debt\u201d: A Feminist Analysis of Laws Regulating Guarantors and Co-Borrowers",
"date": "1995",
"journal": "Aust. Feminist Law J"
},
{
"citation-number": "44",
"author": "P. Baron",
"title": "The Free Exercise of Her Will: Women and Emotionally Transmitted Debt",
"date": "1995",
"journal": "Law in Context"
},
{
"citation-number": "45",
"backref": "id",
"author": "B. Fehlberg",
"title": "The Husband, the Bank, the Wife and Her Signature",
"date": "1994",
"journal": "Modern Law Rev"
},
{
"citation-number": "45",
"legal-ref": "Barclays Bank v. O\u2019Brien",
"date": "1994"
},
{
"citation-number": "45",
"legal-ref": "1 A.C. 180",
"author": "per Brown-Wilkinson L"
},
{
"citation-number": "46",
"author": "Baron",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 44"
},
{
"citation-number": "46",
"author": "M. Richardson",
"title": "Protecting Women who provide Security for a Husband\u2019s, Partner\u2019s or Child\u2019s Debts. The Value and Limits of an Economic Perspective",
"date": "1996",
"journal": "Legal Studies"
},
{
"citation-number": "47",
"legal-ref": "R. v. Johns"
},
{
"citation-number": "47",
"legal-ref": "Supreme Court of South Australia",
"date": "1992"
},
{
"citation-number": "47",
"author": "Howell",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 43"
},
{
"citation-number": "48",
"author": "B. Fehlberg",
"title": "The Husband, the Bank, the Wife and Her Signature \u2013 the Sequel",
"date": "1996",
"journal": "Modern Law Rev"
},
{
"citation-number": "49",
"legal-ref": "National Australia Bank Ltd v. Garcia",
"date": "1996",
"journal": "N.S.W.L.R"
},
{
"citation-number": "49",
"legal-ref": "577 (N.S.W.C.A.). 50",
"date": "1991"
},
{
"citation-number": "49",
"legal-ref": "25 N.S.W.L.R. 32 (C.A.)"
},
{
"citation-number": "52",
"date": "1994"
},
{
"citation-number": "52",
"legal-ref": "A.S.C. 56\u2013268 (N.S.W.C.A.)"
},
{
"citation-number": "53",
"legal-ref": "Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cwth.)"
},
{
"citation-number": "53",
"legal-ref": "Contracts Review Act",
"date": "1980"
},
{
"citation-number": "53",
"date": "1994"
},
{
"citation-number": "55",
"legal-ref": "in Barclays Bank v. O\u2019Brien",
"date": "1994"
},
{
"citation-number": "55",
"legal-ref": "Banco Exterior Internacional v. Mann",
"date": "1995"
},
{
"citation-number": "55",
"legal-ref": "1 All E.R. 936"
},
{
"author": "See I.J. Hardingham and M.A. Neave",
"title": "Australian Family Property Law",
"date": "1984"
},
{
"citation-number": "57",
"author": "K. O\u2019Donovan",
"title": "Sexual Divisions in Law",
"date": "1985"
},
{
"citation-number": "58",
"author": "C.A. Reich",
"title": "The New Property",
"date": "1964",
"journal": "Yale Law J"
},
{
"citation-number": "58",
"author": "M.A. Glendon",
"title": "The New Family and the New Property",
"date": "1981"
},
{
"citation-number": "58",
"date": "1992"
},
{
"author": "P. Parkinson",
"title": "Property Rights and Third Party Creditors \u2013 the Scope and Limitations of Equitable Doctrines",
"date": "1997",
"journal": "Australian J. Family Law"
},
{
"citation-number": "61",
"author": "J. Riley",
"title": "The Property Rights of Home-Makers under General Law: Bryson v. Bryant",
"date": "1994",
"journal": "Sydney Law Rev"
},
{
"citation-number": "62",
"author": "Hon. Justice T. E. Lindenmayer and P.A. Doolan",
"title": "When Bankruptcy and Family Law Collide",
"date": "1994",
"journal": "Aust. J. Family Law"
},
{
"citation-number": "63",
"author": "B. Bennett",
"title": "The Economics of Wifing Services: Law and Economics on the Family",
"date": "1991",
"journal": "J. of Law and Society"
},
{
"citation-number": "64",
"author": "O\u2019Donovan",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 57"
},
{
"citation-number": "64",
"author": "Thornton",
"backref": "op. cit",
"date": "1995"
},
{
"citation-number": "65",
"date": "1994"
},
{
"citation-number": "66",
"author": "L.J. Weitzman",
"title": "The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America",
"date": "1985"
},
{
"citation-number": "67",
"author": "M.L. Shanley",
"title": "Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England, 1850\u20131895",
"date": "1989"
},
{
"citation-number": "68",
"author": "Freeman",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 24"
},
{
"citation-number": "68",
"author": "Neave",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 26"
},
{
"citation-number": "68",
"author": "Regan",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 30"
},
{
"citation-number": "69",
"author": "Bryson v. Bryant"
},
{
"citation-number": "69",
"author": "M. Neave,",
"title": "Three Approaches to Family Law Disputes \u2013 Intention/Belief, Unjust Enrichment and Unconscionability",
"container-title": "Equity, Fiduciaries and Trusts",
"editor": "T.G. Youdan",
"date": "1989"
},
{
"citation-number": "70",
"author": "L. Sarmas",
"title": "Storytelling and the Law: A Case Study of Louth v. Diprose",
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"journal": "Melbourne University Law Rev"
},
{
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"journal": "Aust. Feminist Studies"
},
{
"citation-number": "72",
"author": "M. Albertson Fineman",
"title": "The Neutered Mother, the Sexual Family and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies",
"date": "1995"
},
{
"citation-number": "73",
"author": "K. O\u2019Donovan",
"title": "Should all Maintenance of Spouses be abolished",
"date": "1982",
"journal": "Modern Law Rev"
},
{
"citation-number": "74",
"legal-ref": "De Facto Relationships Act",
"date": "1984"
},
{
"citation-number": "74",
"author": "M.D.A. Freeman and C.M. Lyon",
"title": "Cohabitation without Marriage: An Essay in Law and Social Policy",
"date": "1983"
},
{
"citation-number": "74",
"author": "New South Wales Law Reform Commission",
"title": "De Facto Relationships: Issues Paper",
"date": "1981"
},
{
"citation-number": "75",
"author": "Eds. of the Harvard Law Review,",
"title": "Sexual Orientation and the Law",
"date": "1990"
},
{
"citation-number": "75",
"legal-ref": "Dean v. District of Columbia 653 U.S. App. D.C",
"date": "1995"
},
{
"citation-number": "75",
"author": "C. Overington",
"title": "Why can\u2019t They Marry",
"journal": "The Age",
"date": "1997"
},
{
"citation-number": "76",
"author": "Lesbian and Gay Rights Service",
"title": "The Bride Wore Pink; Legal Recognition of Our Relationships",
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{
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Vor\u00fcberlegungen zu einigen Methodenfragen", "journal": "Demokratie und Recht", "date": "1979"}, {"citation-number": "32", "author": "Zweigert/Puttfarken", "title": "Zur Vergleichbarkeit analoger Rechtsinstitute in verschiede nen Gesellschaftsordnungen", "editor": "in: Zweigert/Puttfarken (.)", "container-title": "Rechtsvergleichung", "date": "1978"}, {"citation-number": "33", "author": "Blankenburg", "title": "Task Contingencies and National Administrative Culture as Determinants for Labour Market Administration", "journal": "HM discussion papers", "date": "1978"}, {"citation-number": "34", "author": "Zweigert/K\u00f6tz"}, {"citation-number": "35", "author": "Armer", "title": "Methodology Problems and Possibilities in Comparative Research", "editor": "in: Armer/Grimsbaw"}, {"citation-number": "35", "author": "Smelser"}, {"citation-number": "35", "author": "Trommsdorf", "title": "M\u00f6glichkeiten und Probleme des Kulturvergleichs am Beispiel einer Agressionsstudie", "journal": "KZfSS", "date": "1978"}, {"citation-number": "36", "author": "Malewswka/Peyre", "title": "Juvenile Deliquency and Development", "editor": "in: Szalai/Petrella"}, {"citation-number": "37", "author": "Scheuch", "title": "The Cross-Cultural Use of Sample Surveys \u2014 Problems of Comparability", "editor": "in: Rokkan"}, {"citation-number": "37", "author": "Biervert", "title": "Der internationale Vergleich", "editor": "in: van Koolwiyk/Wieken-Mayser (.)", "container-title": "Techniken empirischer Sozialforschung", "date": "1975"}, {"citation-number": "38", "author": "Verba", "title": "The Uses of Survey Research in the Study of Comparative Politics \u2014 Issues and Strategies", "editor": "in: Rokkan/Verba/Viet/Almasy"}, {"citation-number": "39", "author": "Gessner", "title": "Soziologische \u00dcberlegungen zu einer Theorie der angewandten Rechtsvergleichung", "editor": "in: Drobnig/Rehbinder"}, {"citation-number": "40", "author": "Nowak", "backref": "oben N. 7)"}, {"citation-number": "41", "author": "Merton", "title": "Social Theory and Social Structure", "date": "1968"}, {"citation-number": "41", "author": "OECD", "title": "The OECD Social Indicator Development Programme - 1976 Progress Report on Phase II", "date": "1977"}, {"citation-number": "43", "author": "Rheinstein", "title": "Marriage Stability, Divorce, and the Law", "date": "1972"}, {"citation-number": "44", "author": "Abel", "backref": "oben N. 4)"}, {"citation-number": "44", "author": "HM-Paper", "title": "Die Messung von Mitbestimmungsnormen \u2014 Darstellung eines international vergleichenden Forschungsansatzes", "date": "1979"}, {"citation-number": "44", "author": "Scheuch", "backref": "oben N. 37)"}, {"citation-number": "45", "author": "Abel", "backref": "oben N. 4)"}, {"citation-number": "45", "author": "Constantinesco", "title": "Ideologie als determinierendes Ele ment zur Bildung der Rechtskreise", "journal": "Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Rechtsvergleichung", "date": "1978"}, {"citation-number": "46", "author": "Blankenburg", "backref": "oben N. 33)"}, {"citation-number": "47", "author": "Rose", "backref": "oben N. 7)"}, {"citation-number": "48", "author": "Benda-Beckmann", "backref": "oben N. 4)"}, {"citation-number": "48", "author": "Constantinesco", "title": "\u00dcber den Stil der \u201eStilthe orie\" in der Rechtsvergleichung", "journal": "ZvglRW", "date": "1979"}, {"citation-number": "48", "author": "Payne", "backref": "oben N. 13)"}, {"citation-number": "49", "author": "Zweigert/K\u00f6tz"}, {"citation-number": "50", "author": "Hofstede", "title": "Cultural Determinants of the Exercise of Power in a Hierarchy", "container-title": "European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management Working Paper", "date": "1977"}, {"citation-number": "50", "author": "D\u00e4ubler", "backref": "oben N. 32)"}, {"citation-number": "51", "author": "Zweigert/K\u00f6tz"}, {"citation-number": "51", "author": "Benda-Beckmann", "backref": "oben N. 4)"}, {"citation-number": "52", "author": "IDE-International Research Group", "title": "Industrial Democracy in Europe", "date": "1980"}, {"citation-number": "53", "author": "Zweigert/K\u00f6tz"}, {"citation-number": "54", "author": "IDE-International Research Group", "backref": "oben N. 52)"}, {"citation-number": "55", "author": "D\u00e4ubler", "backref": "oben N. 32)"}, {"citation-number": "56", "author": "Rheinstein", "title": "Die Rechtshonoratioren und ihr Einflu\u00df auf Charakter und Funk tion der Rechtsordnungen", "journal": "RabelsZ", "date": "1970"}, {"citation-number": "56", "author": "Bernstein", "title": "Rechtsstile und Rechtshono ratioren. Ein Beitrag zur Methode der Rechtsvergleichung", "journal": "RabelsZ", "date": "1970"}, {"citation-number": "57", "author": "Ruescbemeyer", "title": "Lawyers and their Societies -- A Comparative Analysis of the Legal Profession in Germany and the United States", "date": "1973"}, {"citation-number": "57", "author": "ders", "title": "The Legal Profession in Comparative Perspective", "editor": "in: H. M. Johnson", "container-title": "Social System and Legal Process", "date": "1978"}, {"citation-number": "58", "author": "Klausa", "title": "Politische Inhaltsanalyse von Rechtslehrertexten", "journal": "ZfS", "date": "1979"}, {"citation-number": "59", "author": "Nowak", "backref": "oben N. 7)"}, {"citation-number": "59", "author": "Smelser"}, {"citation-number": "60", "author": "Teune", "title": "Analysis and Interpretation in Cross-National Survey Research", "editor": "in: Szalai/Petrella"}, {"citation-number": "61", "author": "Nader/Todd", "title": "The Disputing Process \u2014 Law in Ten Societies", "date": "1978"}, {"citation-number": "62", "title": "Problem in der Kriminologie", "author": "Kaiser", "backref": "oben N. 22)"}, {"citation-number": "62", "author": "Blazicek/Janeksela", "backref": "oben N. 30)"}, {"citation-number": "63", "author": "Clinard", "title": "Comparative Crime Victimization Surveys \u2014 Some Problems and Results", "journal": "Int. J. Crim, and Pen", "date": "1978"}, {"citation-number": "64", "author": "Abel-Smith/Zander/Brooke", "title": "Legal Problems and the Citizen", "date": "1973"}, {"citation-number": "64", "author": "Rokumoto", "title": "Legal Problems and the Use of Law in Tokio and London - A Preliminary Study in International Comparison", "journal": "ZfS", "date": "1978"}, {"citation-number": "64", "author": "Schuyt/Groenendijk/Sloot", "title": "Rechtspro bleme oder private Schwierigkeiten \u2014 Die Inanspruchnahme von Rechtshilfe in den Nieder landen", "journal": "Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Rechtssoziologie und Rechtstheorie", "date": "1978"}, {"citation-number": "65", "author": "Podgdrecki", "title": "Comparative Studies on the Attitudes Towards Various Legal Systems", "journal": "Polish Sociological Bulletin", "date": "1970"}, {"citation-number": "65", "author": "Ziegen,", "title": "Zur Effek tivit\u00e4t der Rechtssoziologie: die Rekonstruktion der Gesellschaft durch Recht", "date": "1975"}, {"citation-number": "66", "author": "Podgdrecki", "title": "Legal Consciousness as a Research Problem", "journal": "European Yearbook in Law and Sociology 1977", "date": "1977"}, {"citation-number": "67", "author": "Kutchinsky", "title": "The Legal Consciousness\u201c: A Survey of Research on Knowledge and Opinion about Law", "editor": "in: Podgdrecki/Kaupen/van Houtte/Vinke/Kutchinsky", "container-title": "Knowledge and Opinion about Law", "date": "1973"}, {"citation-number": "68", "author": "Podgdrecki", "title": "Public Opinion on Law", "container-title": "Knowledge and Opinion about Law", "backref": "vorige N.)"}, {"citation-number": "69", "author": "Heintz", "title": "Interkultureller Vergleich", "editor": "in: K\u00f6nig (.)", "container-title": "Handbuch der empirischen Sozialfor schung", "date": "1974"}, {"citation-number": "70", "author": "Hegenbarth", "title": "\u00dcber methodische und organisatorische Grenzen der empirischen Rechts forschung in Entwicklungsl\u00e4ndern", "journal": "Informationsbrief f\u00fcr Rechtssoziologie", "date": "1979"}, {"citation-number": "71", "author": "Gessner", "title": "Recht und Konflikt \u2014 Eine soziologische Untersuchungprivatrechtlicher Konflikte in Mexiko", "date": "1976"}, {"citation-number": "72", "author": "Heintz", "backref": "oben N. 69)"}, {"citation-number": "73", "author": "Friday", "title": "Problems in Comparative Criminology", "journal": "Int. J. Crim", "date": "1973"}, {"citation-number": "74", "author": "Rokkan", "title": "Vergleichende Sozialwissenschaft", "date": "1972"}, {"citation-number": "74", "author": "IDE-International Research Group", "title": "The Organization and Execution of Cross-National Survey Research Projects", "editor": "in: Szalai/Petrella", "backref": "oben N. 52)"}, {"citation-number": "75", "author": "Blegvad", "title": "Methodological Aspects of the Project \u201eLocal Legal Systems", "editor": "in: Kulcs\u00e1r (.)", "container-title": "Sociology of Law and Legal Sciences", "date": "1977"}, {"citation-number": "76", "author": "Zweigert", "title": "Die kritische Wertung in der Rechtsvergleichung", "container-title": "Festschrift f\u00fcr Schmitthoff", "date": "1973"}, {"citation-number": "77", "author": "D\u00f6rner", "title": "Rechtstatsachenforschung und Gesetzgebung \u2014 Hinweise zur Entwicklung einer Gesetzgebungssoziologie in Frank reich", "journal": "Interview und Analyse", "date": "1979"}, {"citation-number": "78", "author": "Siehe Bryde", "title": "Recht und Konflikt \u2014 Mexiko und Afrika", "journal": "Verfassung und Recht in Obersee", "date": "1979"}]
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{"in": "1 For a contrary view, see G. Jones, \u2018 \u201cTraditional\u201d Legal Scholarship: a Personal View\u2019 in What Are Law Schools For?, ed. P. Birks (1996) 14.", "out": [{"citation-number": "1", "author": "G. Jones", "title": "\u201cTraditional\u201d Legal Scholarship: a Personal View", "container-title": "What Are Law Schools For", "editor": "P. Birks", "date": "1996"}]}
{"in": "3 R. Goff, \u2018The Search for Principle\u2019 (1983) Proceeedings of the British Academy 169, at 171. This is an amplification of Dicey\u2019s remark that \u2018[b]y adequate study and careful thought whole departments of law can . . . be reduced to order and exhibited under the form of a few principles which sum up the effect of a hundred cases . . .\u2019. A. Dicey, Can English Law be taught at the Universities? (1883) 20.", "out": [{"citation-number": "3", "author": "R. Goff", "title": "The Search for Principle", "date": "1983", "journal": "Proceeedings of the British Academy"}, {"citation-number": "3", "author": "A. Dicey", "title": "Can English Law be taught at the Universities", "date": "1883"}]}
{"in": "4 J. Smith, The Law of Contract (1989)", "out": [{"citation-number": "4", "author": "J. Smith", "title": "The Law of Contract", "date": "1989"}]}
{"in": "6 See, for example, D. Kennedy, \u2018Form and substance in Private Law Ajudication\u2019 (1976) 89 Harvard Law Rev. 1685.", "out": [{"citation-number": "6", "author": "D. Kennedy", "title": "Form and substance in Private Law Ajudication", "date": "1976", "journal": "Harvard Law Rev"}]}
{"in": "7 B. Hepple, \u2018The Renewal of the Liberal Law Degree\u2019 (1996) Cambridge Law J. 470, at 485 and 481.", "out": [{"citation-number": "7", "author": "B. Hepple", "title": "The Renewal of the Liberal Law Degree", "date": "1996", "journal": "Cambridge Law J"}]}
{"in": "8 P.A. Thomas, \u2018Introduction\u2019 in Socio-Legal Studies, ed. P.A. Thomas (1997) 19.", "out": [{"citation-number": "8", "author": "P.A. Thomas", "title": "Introduction", "container-title": "Socio-Legal Studies", "editor": "P.A. Thomas", "date": "1997"}]}
{"in": "9 R. Cotterrell, Law\u2019s Community (1995) 296.", "out": [{"citation-number": "9", "author": "R. Cotterrell", "title": "Law\u2019s Community", "date": "1995"}]}
{"in": "10 Socio-legal studies has been defined in many different ways. In this essay the term is taken to indicate the use of ideas \u2018from other disciplines primarily but not exclusively from within the social science and humanities fields\u2019. S. Wheeler, \u2018Company Law\u2019 in Thomas, op. cit., n. 8, at p. 285.", "out": [{"citation-number": "10", "author": "S. Wheeler", "title": "Company Law", "editor": "in Thomas", "backref": "op. cit., n. 8"}]}
{"in": "11 Some fail wholly. It is difficult to see any effect on academic legal education that resulted from Lady Marre\u2019s report A Time for Change (1988). The Jarratt report on universities produced for the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (CVCP), Report of the Steering Committee for Efficiency studies in Universities (1988), produced much comment but little action. Even those that are thought of as being a success are not wholly implemented. Despite Ormrod\u2019s recommendations no Institute of Profesional Legal Studies was set up and the universities and colleges of higher education did not take sole responsibility for vocational legal training (Report of the Committee on Legal Education (1971; Cmnd 4595) ch. 9, recs. 40 and 23). There were also other recommendations that were not implemented. The Robbins report on higher education, Higher Education (1963; Cmnd. 2154) took it is axiomatic that \u2018courses of higher education should be available for all those who are qualified by ability and attainment to pursue them and wish to do so\u2019 (para. 31). This has yet to happen.", "out": [{"citation-number": "11", "author": "Lady Marre\u2019s", "title": "report A Time for Change", "date": "1988"}, {"citation-number": "11", "date": "1988", "title": "Report of the Committee on Legal Education"}, {"citation-number": "11", "date": "1971"}, {"citation-number": "11", "legal-ref": "Cmnd 4595)", "title": "The Robbins report on higher education, Higher Education", "date": "1963"}, {"citation-number": "11", "legal-ref": "Cmnd. 2154)"}]}
{"in": "12 National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education, Higher Education in the learning society (1997) (the Dearing report); ACLEC, First Report on Legal Education and Training (1996). The Government\u2019s White Paper on further and higher education had not been published at the time of writing this essay. 13 ACLEC, id., para 4.6.", "out": [{"citation-number": "12", "author": "National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education", "title": "Higher Education in the learning society", "date": "1997"}, {"citation-number": "12", "author": "ACLEC", "title": "First Report on Legal Education and Training", "date": "1996"}, {"citation-number": "13", "author": "ACLEC", "backref": "id"}]}
{"in": "14 ACLEC\u2019s proposal is part of an historical process which has gradually seen English university law schools distance themselves from the legal professions and the legal professions propose decreasing degrees of control over the content of law degrees. (See A. Bradney and F. Cownie, \u2018Working on the Chain Gang?\u2019 (1996) 2 Contemporary Issues in Law 15, at 24\u20136).", "out": [{"citation-number": "14", "author": "A. Bradney and F. Cownie", "title": "Working on the Chain Gang", "date": "1996", "journal": "Contemporary Issues in Law"}]}
{"in": "15 J. MacFarlane, M. Jeeves, and A. Boon, \u2018Education for Life or for Work?\u2019 (1987) 137 New Law J. 835, at 836.", "out": [{"citation-number": "15", "author": "J. MacFarlane, M. Jeeves, and A. Boon", "title": "Education for Life or for Work", "date": "1987", "journal": "New Law J"}]}
{"in": "16 T.H. Huxley, \u2018Universities: Actual and Ideal\u2019 in T.H. Huxley, Collected Essays: Volume III (1905) 215.", "out": [{"citation-number": "16", "author": "T.H. Huxley", "title": "Universities: Actual and Ideal", "container-title": "T.H. Huxley, Collected Essays", "date": "1905"}]}
{"in": "17 J.S. Mill, \u2018Inaugural address to the University of St Andrews\u2019 in Collected Work of John Stuart Mill: Volume XXI, ed. J.M. Robson (1984) 218.", "out": [{"citation-number": "17", "author": "J.S. Mill", "title": "Inaugural address to the University of St Andrews", "container-title": "Collected Work of John Stuart Mill: Volume", "editor": "J.M. Robson", "date": "1984"}]}
{"in": "18 Dearing, op. cit., n. 12, para. 9.32.", "out": [{"citation-number": "18", "author": "Dearing", "backref": "op. cit., n. 12"}]}
{"in": "19 id., para. 5.11.", "out": [{"citation-number": "19", "backref": "id"}]}
{"in": "20 F.R. Leavis, Education and the University (1948) 28. Leavis\u2019s view was narrowly nationalistic. For \u2018centre\u2019 it would be better to substitute \u2018centres\u2019.", "out": [{"citation-number": "20", "author": "F.R. Leavis", "title": "Education and the University", "date": "1948"}]}
{"in": "21 See, further, A. Bradney, \u2018Liberalising Legal Education\u2019 in The Law School: Global Issues, Local Questions, ed. F. Cownie (forthcoming).", "out": [{"citation-number": "21", "author": "A. Bradney", "title": "Liberalising Legal Education", "container-title": "The Law School: Global Issues, Local Questions"}]}
{"in": "22 P. Goodrich, \u2018 Of Blackstone\u2019s Tower: Metephors of Distance and Histories of the English Law School\u2019 in Birks, op. cit., n. 1, p. 59. 23 S. Turow, One L (1977) 106.", "out": [{"citation-number": "22", "author": "P. Goodrich,", "title": "Of Blackstone\u2019s Tower: Metephors of Distance and Histories of the English Law School", "backref": "in Birks, op. cit., n. 1", "journal": "S. Turow, One L", "date": "1977"}]}
{"in": "24 O. Kahn-Freund, \u2018Reflections on Legal Education\u2019 (1966) 29 Modern Law Rev. 121, at 129.", "out": [{"citation-number": "24", "author": "O. Kahn-Freund", "title": "Reflections on Legal Education", "date": "1966", "journal": "Modern Law Rev"}]}
{"in": "25 Kahn-Freund believed ... legal argument (Kahn-Freund, id.).", "out": [{"citation-number": "25", "author": "Kahn-Freund", "backref": "id.)"}]}
{"in": "26 Leavis, op. cit., n. 20, p. 120.", "out": [{"citation-number": "26", "author": "Leavis", "backref": "op. cit., n. 20"}]}
{"in": "29 Leavis has, of course, been widely criticized for the cultural and gender assumptions that lie behind his selection of material to be studied. (See, for example, M. King, The New English Literatures (1980) at 216\u201317.) Whatever the accuracy of these criticisms, they are criticisms of the application of the method rather than the method itself.", "out": [{"citation-number": "29", "author": "M. King", "title": "The New English Literatures", "date": "1980"}]}
{"in": "30 Jurisprudence by Sir John Salmond, ed. G. Willliams (10th ed., 1947) at 256 and 257.", "out": [{"citation-number": "30", "title": "Jurisprudence by Sir John Salmond", "editor": "G. Willliams (10th", "date": "1947"}]}
{"in": "31 So much so that when other disciplines engage with law they must develop their own concepts to analyse law rather than rely on the concepts already developed in law. See, for example, E. Durkheim The Division of Labour in Society (1933) 68.", "out": [{"citation-number": "31", "author": "E. Durkheim", "title": "The Division of Labour in Society", "date": "1933"}]}
{"in": "32 M. Le Brun and R. Johnstone, The Quiet Revolution: Improving Student Learning in Law (1994) 65. On the effect on women students, see \u2018Define and Empower: Women Students Consider Feminist Learning\u2019 (1990) I Law and Critique 47 at pp. 54\u201355. For a survey of CLS and feminist literature on this general point, see W. Conklin, \u2018The Invisible Author of Legal Authority\u2019 (1996) VII Law and Critique 173 at pp. 173\u20136.", "out": [{"citation-number": "32", "author": "M. Le Brun and R. Johnstone", "title": "The Quiet Revolution: Improving Student Learning in Law", "date": "1994"}, {"citation-number": "32", "title": "Define and Empower: Women Students Consider Feminist Learning", "date": "1990", "journal": "Law and Critique"}, {"citation-number": "32", "author": "W. Conklin", "title": "The Invisible Author of Legal Authority", "date": "1996", "journal": "Law and Critique"}]}
{"in": "33 R. Collier, \u2018Masculinism, Law and Law Teaching\u2019 (1991) 19 International J. of the Sociology of Law 427, at 429.", "out": [{"citation-number": "33", "author": "R. Collier", "title": "Masculinism, Law and Law Teaching", "date": "1991", "journal": "International J. of the Sociology of Law"}]}
{"in": "34 P. McAuslan, \u2018Administrative Law, Collective Consumption and Judicial Policy\u2019 (1983) 46 Modern Law Rev. 1, at 8.", "out": [{"citation-number": "34", "author": "P. McAuslan", "title": "Administrative Law, Collective Consumption and Judicial Policy", "date": "1983", "journal": "Modern Law Rev"}]}
{"in": "35 Le Brun and Johnstone, op. cit, n. 32, pp. 71\u20135.", "out": [{"citation-number": "35", "author": "Le Brun and Johnstone", "backref": "op. cit, n. 32"}]}
{"in": "38 Goodrich, op. cit., n. 22.", "out": [{"citation-number": "38", "author": "Goodrich", "backref": "op. cit., n. 22"}]}
{"in": "39 P. Samuelson, \u2018The Convergence of the Law School and the University\u2019 (1975) 44 The Am. Scholar 256, at 258.", "out": [{"citation-number": "39", "author": "P. Samuelson", "title": "The Convergence of the Law School and the University", "date": "1975", "journal": "The Am. Scholar"}]}
{"in": "40 P. Harris and M. Jones \u2018A Survey of Law Schools in the United Kingdom, 1996\u2019 (1997) 31 The Law Teacher 38, at 46.", "out": [{"citation-number": "40", "author": "P. Harris and M. Jones", "title": "A Survey of Law Schools in the United Kingdom, 1996", "date": "1997", "journal": "The Law Teacher"}]}
{"in": "41 J. Wilson , \u2018A third survey of university legal education\u2019 (1993) 13 Legal Studies 143, at 152.", "out": [{"citation-number": "41", "author": "J. Wilson", "title": "A third survey of university legal education", "date": "1993", "journal": "Legal Studies"}]}
{"in": "42 Thus, for example, Harris and Jones reported that 59.2 per cent of all particpating institutions offered foriegn language tuition as part of their standard LLB programme. (Harris and Jones, op. cit., n. 40, at p. 54).", "out": [{"citation-number": "42", "author": "Jones", "backref": "op. cit., n. 40"}]}
{"in": "43 P. Leighton, T. Mortimer, and N. Whatley, Law Teachers: Lawyers or Academics? (1995)", "out": [{"citation-number": "43", "author": "P. Leighton, T. Mortimer, and N. Whatley", "title": "Law Teachers: Lawyers or Academics", "date": "1995"}]}
{"in": "34. This would include teaching both non-law degree students and sub-degree students. 44 id., p 35", "out": [{"citation-number": "34.", "backref": "44 id"}]}
{"in": "45 L. Skwarok, \u2018Business Law for Non-Lawyers: Setting the Stage for Teaching, Learning and Assessment at Hong Kong Polytechnic University\u2019 (1995) 29 The Law Teacher 189, at 189.", "out": [{"citation-number": "45", "author": "L. Skwarok", "title": "Business Law for Non-Lawyers: Setting the Stage for Teaching, Learning and Assessment at Hong Kong Polytechnic University", "date": "1995", "journal": "The Law Teacher"}]}
{"in": "46 N. Bastin, \u2018Law, Law Staff and CNAA Business Studies Degree Courses\u2019 (1985) 19 The Law Teacher 12, at 13.", "out": [{"citation-number": "46", "author": "N. Bastin", "title": "Law, Law Staff and CNAA Business Studies Degree Courses", "date": "1985", "journal": "The Law Teacher"}]}
{"in": "47 A. Ridley, \u2018Legal Skills for Non-Law Students: Added Value or Irrelevant Diversion?\u2019 (1994) 28 The Law Teacher 281, at 282.", "out": [{"citation-number": "47", "author": "A. Ridley", "title": "Legal Skills for Non-Law Students: Added Value or Irrelevant Diversion", "date": "1994", "journal": "The Law Teacher"}]}
{"in": "48 G. Cartan and T. Vilkinas, \u2018Legal Literacy for Managers: The Role of the Educator\u2019 (1990) 24 The Law Teacher 246, at 248.", "out": [{"citation-number": "48", "author": "G. Cartan and T. Vilkinas", "title": "Legal Literacy for Managers: The Role of the Educator", "date": "1990", "journal": "The Law Teacher"}]}
{"in": "49 Ridley, op. cit., n. 47, at p. 284.", "out": [{"citation-number": "49", "author": "Ridley", "backref": "op. cit., n. 47"}]}
{"in": "50 This, of course, is not always the case. For example, the BA Economics and Law degree at Leicester has a special course in each year given over to the consideration of the relationship between economics and law.", "out": [{"citation-number": "50"}]}
{"in": "51 P. Birks, \u2018Short Cuts\u2019 in Pressing Problems in the Law, ed. P. Birks (1994) 10\u201324.", "out": [{"citation-number": "51", "author": "P. Birks", "title": "Short Cuts", "container-title": "Pressing Problems in the Law", "editor": "P. Birks", "date": "1994"}]}
{"in": "52 Ridley, op. cit., n. 47, p. 283.", "out": [{"citation-number": "52", "author": "Ridley", "backref": "op. cit., n. 47"}]}
{"in": "53 Cartan and Vilkinas, op. cit., n. 48, p. 248.", "out": [{"citation-number": "53", "author": "Cartan and Vilkinas", "backref": "op. cit., n. 48"}]}
{"in": "54 P. Harris, \u2018Curriculum Development in Legal Studies\u2019 (1986) 20 The Law Teacher 110, at 112.", "out": [{"citation-number": "54", "author": "P. Harris", "title": "Curriculum Development in Legal Studies", "date": "1986", "journal": "The Law Teacher"}]}
{"in": "55 Dearing, op. cit., n. 12, para 9.3.", "out": [{"citation-number": "55", "author": "Dearing", "backref": "op. cit., n. 12"}]}
{"in": "57 G. Steiner, Errata: An Examined Life (1997) 20.", "out": [{"citation-number": "57", "author": "G. Steiner", "title": "Errata: An Examined Life", "date": "1997"}]}
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{
"in": "1 For a contrary view, see G. Jones, \u2018 \u201cTraditional\u201d Legal Scholarship: a Personal View\u2019 in What Are Law Schools For?, ed. P. Birks (1996) 14.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "1",
"author": "G. Jones",
"title": "\u201cTraditional\u201d Legal Scholarship: a Personal View",
"container-title": "What Are Law Schools For",
"editor": "P. Birks",
"date": "1996"
}
]
}
{
"in": "3 R. Goff, \u2018The Search for Principle\u2019 (1983) Proceeedings of the British Academy 169, at 171. This is an amplification of Dicey\u2019s remark that \u2018[b]y adequate study and careful thought whole departments of law can . . . be reduced to order and exhibited under the form of a few principles which sum up the effect of a hundred cases . . .\u2019. A. Dicey, Can English Law be taught at the Universities? (1883) 20.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "3",
"author": "R. Goff",
"title": "The Search for Principle",
"date": "1983",
"journal": "Proceeedings of the British Academy"
},
{
"citation-number": "3",
"author": "A. Dicey",
"title": "Can English Law be taught at the Universities",
"date": "1883"
}
]
}
{
"in": "4 J. Smith, The Law of Contract (1989)",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "4",
"author": "J. Smith",
"title": "The Law of Contract",
"date": "1989"
}
]
}
{
"in": "6 See, for example, D. Kennedy, \u2018Form and substance in Private Law Ajudication\u2019 (1976) 89 Harvard Law Rev. 1685.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "6",
"author": "D. Kennedy",
"title": "Form and substance in Private Law Ajudication",
"date": "1976",
"journal": "Harvard Law Rev"
}
]
}
{
"in": "7 B. Hepple, \u2018The Renewal of the Liberal Law Degree\u2019 (1996) Cambridge Law J. 470, at 485 and 481.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "7",
"author": "B. Hepple",
"title": "The Renewal of the Liberal Law Degree",
"date": "1996",
"journal": "Cambridge Law J"
}
]
}
{
"in": "8 P.A. Thomas, \u2018Introduction\u2019 in Socio-Legal Studies, ed. P.A. Thomas (1997) 19.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "8",
"author": "P.A. Thomas",
"title": "Introduction",
"container-title": "Socio-Legal Studies",
"editor": "P.A. Thomas",
"date": "1997"
}
]
}
{
"in": "9 R. Cotterrell, Law\u2019s Community (1995) 296.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "9",
"author": "R. Cotterrell",
"title": "Law\u2019s Community",
"date": "1995"
}
]
}
{
"in": "10 Socio-legal studies has been defined in many different ways. In this essay the term is taken to indicate the use of ideas \u2018from other disciplines primarily but not exclusively from within the social science and humanities fields\u2019. S. Wheeler, \u2018Company Law\u2019 in Thomas, op. cit., n. 8, at p. 285.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "10",
"author": "S. Wheeler",
"title": "Company Law",
"editor": "in Thomas",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 8"
}
]
}
{
"in": "11 Some fail wholly. It is difficult to see any effect on academic legal education that resulted from Lady Marre\u2019s report A Time for Change (1988). The Jarratt report on universities produced for the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (CVCP), Report of the Steering Committee for Efficiency studies in Universities (1988), produced much comment but little action. Even those that are thought of as being a success are not wholly implemented. Despite Ormrod\u2019s recommendations no Institute of Profesional Legal Studies was set up and the universities and colleges of higher education did not take sole responsibility for vocational legal training (Report of the Committee on Legal Education (1971; Cmnd 4595) ch. 9, recs. 40 and 23). There were also other recommendations that were not implemented. The Robbins report on higher education, Higher Education (1963; Cmnd. 2154) took it is axiomatic that \u2018courses of higher education should be available for all those who are qualified by ability and attainment to pursue them and wish to do so\u2019 (para. 31). This has yet to happen.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "11",
"author": "Lady Marre\u2019s",
"title": "report A Time for Change",
"date": "1988"
},
{
"citation-number": "11",
"date": "1988",
"title": "Report of the Committee on Legal Education"
},
{
"citation-number": "11",
"date": "1971"
},
{
"citation-number": "11",
"legal-ref": "Cmnd 4595)",
"title": "The Robbins report on higher education, Higher Education",
"date": "1963"
},
{
"citation-number": "11",
"legal-ref": "Cmnd. 2154)"
}
]
}
{
"in": "12 National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education, Higher Education in the learning society (1997) (the Dearing report); ACLEC, First Report on Legal Education and Training (1996). The Government\u2019s White Paper on further and higher education had not been published at the time of writing this essay. 13 ACLEC, id., para 4.6.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "12",
"author": "National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education",
"title": "Higher Education in the learning society",
"date": "1997"
},
{
"citation-number": "12",
"author": "ACLEC",
"title": "First Report on Legal Education and Training",
"date": "1996"
},
{
"citation-number": "13",
"author": "ACLEC",
"backref": "id"
}
]
}
{
"in": "14 ACLEC\u2019s proposal is part of an historical process which has gradually seen English university law schools distance themselves from the legal professions and the legal professions propose decreasing degrees of control over the content of law degrees. (See A. Bradney and F. Cownie, \u2018Working on the Chain Gang?\u2019 (1996) 2 Contemporary Issues in Law 15, at 24\u20136).",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "14",
"author": "A. Bradney and F. Cownie",
"title": "Working on the Chain Gang",
"date": "1996",
"journal": "Contemporary Issues in Law"
}
]
}
{
"in": "15 J. MacFarlane, M. Jeeves, and A. Boon, \u2018Education for Life or for Work?\u2019 (1987) 137 New Law J. 835, at 836.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "15",
"author": "J. MacFarlane, M. Jeeves, and A. Boon",
"title": "Education for Life or for Work",
"date": "1987",
"journal": "New Law J"
}
]
}
{
"in": "16 T.H. Huxley, \u2018Universities: Actual and Ideal\u2019 in T.H. Huxley, Collected Essays: Volume III (1905) 215.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "16",
"author": "T.H. Huxley",
"title": "Universities: Actual and Ideal",
"container-title": "T.H. Huxley, Collected Essays",
"date": "1905"
}
]
}
{
"in": "17 J.S. Mill, \u2018Inaugural address to the University of St Andrews\u2019 in Collected Work of John Stuart Mill: Volume XXI, ed. J.M. Robson (1984) 218.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "17",
"author": "J.S. Mill",
"title": "Inaugural address to the University of St Andrews",
"container-title": "Collected Work of John Stuart Mill: Volume",
"editor": "J.M. Robson",
"date": "1984"
}
]
}
{
"in": "18 Dearing, op. cit., n. 12, para. 9.32.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "18",
"author": "Dearing",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 12"
}
]
}
{
"in": "19 id., para. 5.11.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "19",
"backref": "id"
}
]
}
{
"in": "20 F.R. Leavis, Education and the University (1948) 28. Leavis\u2019s view was narrowly nationalistic. For \u2018centre\u2019 it would be better to substitute \u2018centres\u2019.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "20",
"author": "F.R. Leavis",
"title": "Education and the University",
"date": "1948"
}
]
}
{
"in": "21 See, further, A. Bradney, \u2018Liberalising Legal Education\u2019 in The Law School: Global Issues, Local Questions, ed. F. Cownie (forthcoming).",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "21",
"author": "A. Bradney",
"title": "Liberalising Legal Education",
"container-title": "The Law School: Global Issues, Local Questions"
}
]
}
{
"in": "22 P. Goodrich, \u2018 Of Blackstone\u2019s Tower: Metephors of Distance and Histories of the English Law School\u2019 in Birks, op. cit., n. 1, p. 59. 23 S. Turow, One L (1977) 106.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "22",
"author": "P. Goodrich,",
"title": "Of Blackstone\u2019s Tower: Metephors of Distance and Histories of the English Law School",
"backref": "in Birks, op. cit., n. 1",
"journal": "S. Turow, One L",
"date": "1977"
}
]
}
{
"in": "24 O. Kahn-Freund, \u2018Reflections on Legal Education\u2019 (1966) 29 Modern Law Rev. 121, at 129.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "24",
"author": "O. Kahn-Freund",
"title": "Reflections on Legal Education",
"date": "1966",
"journal": "Modern Law Rev"
}
]
}
{
"in": "25 Kahn-Freund believed ... legal argument (Kahn-Freund, id.).",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "25",
"author": "Kahn-Freund",
"backref": "id.)"
}
]
}
{
"in": "26 Leavis, op. cit., n. 20, p. 120.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "26",
"author": "Leavis",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 20"
}
]
}
{
"in": "29 Leavis has, of course, been widely criticized for the cultural and gender assumptions that lie behind his selection of material to be studied. (See, for example, M. King, The New English Literatures (1980) at 216\u201317.) Whatever the accuracy of these criticisms, they are criticisms of the application of the method rather than the method itself.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "29",
"author": "M. King",
"title": "The New English Literatures",
"date": "1980"
}
]
}
{
"in": "30 Jurisprudence by Sir John Salmond, ed. G. Willliams (10th ed., 1947) at 256 and 257.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "30",
"title": "Jurisprudence by Sir John Salmond",
"editor": "G. Willliams (10th",
"date": "1947"
}
]
}
{
"in": "31 So much so that when other disciplines engage with law they must develop their own concepts to analyse law rather than rely on the concepts already developed in law. See, for example, E. Durkheim The Division of Labour in Society (1933) 68.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "31",
"author": "E. Durkheim",
"title": "The Division of Labour in Society",
"date": "1933"
}
]
}
{
"in": "32 M. Le Brun and R. Johnstone, The Quiet Revolution: Improving Student Learning in Law (1994) 65. On the effect on women students, see \u2018Define and Empower: Women Students Consider Feminist Learning\u2019 (1990) I Law and Critique 47 at pp. 54\u201355. For a survey of CLS and feminist literature on this general point, see W. Conklin, \u2018The Invisible Author of Legal Authority\u2019 (1996) VII Law and Critique 173 at pp. 173\u20136.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "32",
"author": "M. Le Brun and R. Johnstone",
"title": "The Quiet Revolution: Improving Student Learning in Law",
"date": "1994"
},
{
"citation-number": "32",
"title": "Define and Empower: Women Students Consider Feminist Learning",
"date": "1990",
"journal": "Law and Critique"
},
{
"citation-number": "32",
"author": "W. Conklin",
"title": "The Invisible Author of Legal Authority",
"date": "1996",
"journal": "Law and Critique"
}
]
}
{
"in": "33 R. Collier, \u2018Masculinism, Law and Law Teaching\u2019 (1991) 19 International J. of the Sociology of Law 427, at 429.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "33",
"author": "R. Collier",
"title": "Masculinism, Law and Law Teaching",
"date": "1991",
"journal": "International J. of the Sociology of Law"
}
]
}
{
"in": "34 P. McAuslan, \u2018Administrative Law, Collective Consumption and Judicial Policy\u2019 (1983) 46 Modern Law Rev. 1, at 8.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "34",
"author": "P. McAuslan",
"title": "Administrative Law, Collective Consumption and Judicial Policy",
"date": "1983",
"journal": "Modern Law Rev"
}
]
}
{
"in": "35 Le Brun and Johnstone, op. cit, n. 32, pp. 71\u20135.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "35",
"author": "Le Brun and Johnstone",
"backref": "op. cit, n. 32"
}
]
}
{
"in": "38 Goodrich, op. cit., n. 22.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "38",
"author": "Goodrich",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 22"
}
]
}
{
"in": "39 P. Samuelson, \u2018The Convergence of the Law School and the University\u2019 (1975) 44 The Am. Scholar 256, at 258.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "39",
"author": "P. Samuelson",
"title": "The Convergence of the Law School and the University",
"date": "1975",
"journal": "The Am. Scholar"
}
]
}
{
"in": "40 P. Harris and M. Jones \u2018A Survey of Law Schools in the United Kingdom, 1996\u2019 (1997) 31 The Law Teacher 38, at 46.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "40",
"author": "P. Harris and M. Jones",
"title": "A Survey of Law Schools in the United Kingdom, 1996",
"date": "1997",
"journal": "The Law Teacher"
}
]
}
{
"in": "41 J. Wilson , \u2018A third survey of university legal education\u2019 (1993) 13 Legal Studies 143, at 152.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "41",
"author": "J. Wilson",
"title": "A third survey of university legal education",
"date": "1993",
"journal": "Legal Studies"
}
]
}
{
"in": "42 Thus, for example, Harris and Jones reported that 59.2 per cent of all particpating institutions offered foriegn language tuition as part of their standard LLB programme. (Harris and Jones, op. cit., n. 40, at p. 54).",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "42",
"author": "Jones",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 40"
}
]
}
{
"in": "43 P. Leighton, T. Mortimer, and N. Whatley, Law Teachers: Lawyers or Academics? (1995)",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "43",
"author": "P. Leighton, T. Mortimer, and N. Whatley",
"title": "Law Teachers: Lawyers or Academics",
"date": "1995"
}
]
}
{
"in": "34. This would include teaching both non-law degree students and sub-degree students. 44 id., p 35",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "34.",
"backref": "44 id"
}
]
}
{
"in": "45 L. Skwarok, \u2018Business Law for Non-Lawyers: Setting the Stage for Teaching, Learning and Assessment at Hong Kong Polytechnic University\u2019 (1995) 29 The Law Teacher 189, at 189.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "45",
"author": "L. Skwarok",
"title": "Business Law for Non-Lawyers: Setting the Stage for Teaching, Learning and Assessment at Hong Kong Polytechnic University",
"date": "1995",
"journal": "The Law Teacher"
}
]
}
{
"in": "46 N. Bastin, \u2018Law, Law Staff and CNAA Business Studies Degree Courses\u2019 (1985) 19 The Law Teacher 12, at 13.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "46",
"author": "N. Bastin",
"title": "Law, Law Staff and CNAA Business Studies Degree Courses",
"date": "1985",
"journal": "The Law Teacher"
}
]
}
{
"in": "47 A. Ridley, \u2018Legal Skills for Non-Law Students: Added Value or Irrelevant Diversion?\u2019 (1994) 28 The Law Teacher 281, at 282.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "47",
"author": "A. Ridley",
"title": "Legal Skills for Non-Law Students: Added Value or Irrelevant Diversion",
"date": "1994",
"journal": "The Law Teacher"
}
]
}
{
"in": "48 G. Cartan and T. Vilkinas, \u2018Legal Literacy for Managers: The Role of the Educator\u2019 (1990) 24 The Law Teacher 246, at 248.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "48",
"author": "G. Cartan and T. Vilkinas",
"title": "Legal Literacy for Managers: The Role of the Educator",
"date": "1990",
"journal": "The Law Teacher"
}
]
}
{
"in": "49 Ridley, op. cit., n. 47, at p. 284.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "49",
"author": "Ridley",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 47"
}
]
}
{
"in": "50 This, of course, is not always the case. For example, the BA Economics and Law degree at Leicester has a special course in each year given over to the consideration of the relationship between economics and law.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "50"
}
]
}
{
"in": "51 P. Birks, \u2018Short Cuts\u2019 in Pressing Problems in the Law, ed. P. Birks (1994) 10\u201324.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "51",
"author": "P. Birks",
"title": "Short Cuts",
"container-title": "Pressing Problems in the Law",
"editor": "P. Birks",
"date": "1994"
}
]
}
{
"in": "52 Ridley, op. cit., n. 47, p. 283.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "52",
"author": "Ridley",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 47"
}
]
}
{
"in": "53 Cartan and Vilkinas, op. cit., n. 48, p. 248.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "53",
"author": "Cartan and Vilkinas",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 48"
}
]
}
{
"in": "54 P. Harris, \u2018Curriculum Development in Legal Studies\u2019 (1986) 20 The Law Teacher 110, at 112.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "54",
"author": "P. Harris",
"title": "Curriculum Development in Legal Studies",
"date": "1986",
"journal": "The Law Teacher"
}
]
}
{
"in": "55 Dearing, op. cit., n. 12, para 9.3.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "55",
"author": "Dearing",
"backref": "op. cit., n. 12"
}
]
}
{
"in": "57 G. Steiner, Errata: An Examined Life (1997) 20.",
"out": [
{
"citation-number": "57",
"author": "G. Steiner",
"title": "Errata: An Examined Life",
"date": "1997"
}
]
}
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# Conversion of AnyStyle training data to other formats
This subrepo contains code to convert the existing training data in the AnyStyle formats (XML, TTX) into other formats
that can be used with other tools like prodigy or are more standardized (such as LinkML)
Note: The automatic generation of a LinkML schema from the converted JSONL files using the schema-automator tool
introduces a huge dependency tree - use a virtual environment to avoid cluttering your python installation.
## Content of directories:
- `in`: AnyStyle Ground Truth for document- (ttx) and footnote-level (xml) reference information
- `jsonl`: AnyStyle footnote GT converted to a JSONL objects with "in" (Complete footnote as a string) and "out"
(Structured data) fields
- `json`: json files containing a flat list of objects with the structured data of the references in the footnotes
- `schema`: LinkML schema, autogenerated from the json files, not yet annotated.
## Resources
- https://prodi.gy/docs/api-interfaces#spans_manual
- https://linkml.io/linkml/index.html
- https://linkml.io/schema-automator/
\ No newline at end of file
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View file @ ba7c6786
linkml
spacy
schema-automator
quantulum3[classifier]
\ No newline at end of file
convert-anystyle-data/schema/10.1111_1467-6478.00057-schema.yaml 0 → 100644
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− 0
View file @ ba7c6786
name: Container
description: Container
id: https://w3id.org/Container
imports:
- linkml:types
prefixes:
linkml: https://w3id.org/linkml/
Container: https://w3id.org/Container
default_prefix: Container
slots:
citation-number:
examples:
- value: '78'
range: integer
author:
examples:
- value: Lesbian and Gay Rights Service
range: string
title:
examples:
- value: The Bride Wore Pink; Legal Recognition of Our Relationships
range: string
container-title:
examples:
- value: Equity, Fiduciaries and Trusts
range: string
editor:
examples:
- value: T.G. Youdan
range: string
date:
examples:
- value: '1994'
range: integer
journal:
examples:
- value: The Age
range: string
backref:
examples:
- value: Above, n. 30
range: string
legal-ref:
examples:
- value: Dean v. District of Columbia 653 U.S. App. D.C
range: string
classes:
Container:
slots:
- citation-number
- author
- title
- container-title
- editor
- date
- journal
- backref
- legal-ref
tree_root: true
unique_keys:
title_key:
unique_key_name: title_key
unique_key_slots:
- title
container-title_key:
unique_key_name: container-title_key
unique_key_slots:
- container-title
editor_key:
unique_key_name: editor_key
unique_key_slots:
- editor
legal-ref_key:
unique_key_name: legal-ref_key
unique_key_slots:
- legal-ref
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− 0
View file @ ba7c6786
name: Container
description: Container
id: https://w3id.org/Container
imports:
- linkml:types
prefixes:
linkml: https://w3id.org/linkml/
Container: https://w3id.org/Container
default_prefix: Container
slots:
citation-number:
examples:
- value: '57'
range: float
author:
examples:
- value: G. Steiner
range: string
title:
examples:
- value: 'Errata: An Examined Life'
range: string
container-title:
examples:
- value: Pressing Problems in the Law
range: string
editor:
examples:
- value: P. Birks
range: string
date:
examples:
- value: '1997'
range: integer
journal:
examples:
- value: The Law Teacher
range: string
backref:
examples:
- value: op. cit., n. 12
range: string
legal-ref:
examples:
- value: Cmnd. 2154)
range: string
classes:
Container:
slots:
- citation-number
- author
- title
- container-title
- editor
- date
- journal
- backref
- legal-ref
tree_root: true
unique_keys:
title_key:
unique_key_name: title_key
unique_key_slots:
- title
container-title_key:
unique_key_name: container-title_key
unique_key_slots:
- container-title
legal-ref_key:
unique_key_name: legal-ref_key
unique_key_slots:
- legal-ref
convert-anystyle-data/schema/10.1515_zfrs-1980-0103-schema.yaml 0 → 100644
+ 59
− 0
View file @ ba7c6786
name: Container
description: Container
id: https://w3id.org/Container
imports:
- linkml:types
prefixes:
linkml: https://w3id.org/linkml/
Container: https://w3id.org/Container
default_prefix: Container
slots:
citation-number:
examples:
- value: '36'
range: integer
author:
examples:
- value: Wanner, Craig
range: string
date:
examples:
- value: '1975'
range: integer
title:
examples:
- value: The Public Ordering of Private Cases; Winning Civil Court Cases
range: string
backref:
examples:
- value: Ebenda
range: string
journal:
examples:
- value: Law and Society Review
range: string
editor:
examples:
- value: "in: Vereinigung f\xFCr Rechtssoziologie (.)"
range: string
container-title:
examples:
- value: Arbeitslosigkeit und Recht
range: string
classes:
Container:
slots:
- citation-number
- author
- date
- title
- backref
- journal
- editor
- container-title
tree_root: true
unique_keys:
backref_key:
unique_key_name: backref_key
unique_key_slots:
- backref
convert-anystyle-data/schema/10.1515_zfrs-1980-0104-schema.yaml 0 → 100644
+ 59
− 0
View file @ ba7c6786
name: Container
description: Container
id: https://w3id.org/Container
imports:
- linkml:types
prefixes:
linkml: https://w3id.org/linkml/
Container: https://w3id.org/Container
default_prefix: Container
slots:
editor:
examples:
- value: "in: Kulcs\xE1r (.)"
range: string
title:
examples:
- value: "Recht und Konflikt \u2014 Mexiko und Afrika"
range: string
date:
examples:
- value: '1979'
range: integer
author:
examples:
- value: Siehe Bryde
range: string
citation-number:
examples:
- value: '78'
range: integer
journal:
examples:
- value: Verfassung und Recht in Obersee
range: string
container-title:
examples:
- value: "Festschrift f\xFCr Schmitthoff"
range: string
backref:
examples:
- value: oben N. 52)
range: string
classes:
Container:
slots:
- editor
- title
- date
- author
- citation-number
- journal
- container-title
- backref
tree_root: true
unique_keys:
title_key:
unique_key_name: title_key
unique_key_slots:
- title
wikidata/lib/wikidata.py
+ 1
− 1
View file @ ba7c6786
......@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ def get_person_info_from_wikidata(names: list,
Given a list of "Name (QID)" strings, return the property values stored in wikidata, including wikipedia page links
Args:
names:
a list of strings in the format "Name (QID)". "(QID") is optional. If left out, the result will contain all
a list of strings in the format "Name (QID)". "(QID") is optional. If left jsonl, the result will contain all
items having that name
property_map:
a dict mapping names of the property to PIDs
......
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