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Show changes
......@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ import {baseUrlViewer} from "./constants";
export default [
{ title: 'Syriac Texts', to: baseUrlViewer + '/syriac/#/?source=external&redirectUrl=' },
{ title: 'Arabic and Kashuni Texts', to: baseUrlViewer + '/arabic-karshuni/#/?source=external&redirectUrl=' },
{ title: 'Arabic and Karshuni Texts', to: baseUrlViewer + '/arabic-karshuni/#/?source=external&redirectUrl=' },
];
---
home: false
title: Arabic Translation
title: Translation of the Arabic version
layout: Layout
---
# {{ $frontmatter.title }}{.text-h1 .mt-4 .mb-6 .primary--text}
# {{ $frontmatter.title }}{.text-h1 .mt-4 .mb-6 .primary--text}
## Introductory remarks {.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
......@@ -14,7 +12,7 @@ This is an English Translation for the Karshuni manuscript (Brit. Mus. Add. 7209
(f. 182b) {.body-2}
### And also with the help of God, we write the story of Haiqar the wise. {.text-h5 .primary--text}
### And also with the help of God, we write the story of Haiqar the wise. {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
In the days of Sennacherib son of Sarhadum king of Assyria and Nineveh, I Haiqar was his vizier and secretary. And when I was a young man the enchanters, the astrologers and the knowing told me: “You will not fortunate having a child.” And I had a fine fortune and had acquired a great property, andMeta Edition/ Arabic Translation I had married sixty women and had built sixty magnificent, beautiful, exquisite castles and gigantic houses for them. I was aged sixty years old and had not fortunate in having a child. Then I, Haiqar, presented offerings and sacrifices to the Gods and burned incenses before them Frankincense, Cinnamon and Cancamum and said: “Oh Gods, give me a boy that I may be rejoiced in him, and that he may inherit me when I die, and that he may close my eyes, and that he may bury me. If from the day I die, until the day he dies, a hundredweight of gold should be expended and wasted, my wealth (f. 183a) would not be exhausted and my possessions would not be diminished. But the Gods did not answer him. Then he turned away from them and was sorrowful, and suffered, and he returned to God with speech and supplication, beseeching and saying: “O God of Heaven and Earth, O Creator of created things! I beseech You to give me a son, that he may inherit me, and at the time of my death he may close my eyes, and that he may bury me.” Then there came to him a voice saying, “Inasmuch as you relied on gods and made your hope on them not me, and offered sacrifices to them, for this reason, you shall remain without sons and daughters. But there is your sister’s son Nadan, make him your child and teach him your learning, and he may inherit you.” {.body-2}
......@@ -22,9 +20,7 @@ Then I took to myself Nadan my sister’s son, and because he was still a boy ch
When King Sennacherib returned from his journey and march, one day he called me, I, his secretary and vizier Haiqar, and said to me: (f. 183b) “O my highly respected friend, the honored beloved (comrade), the skillful wise one, my secretary and knowing (diviner of my secrets) of my secrets; you have advanced in years and grown older, and your death must be near. Tell me who shall serve me after your death. Tell me who shall serve me after your death and demise.” Then I said to him: “O my lord the king, may you live forever and eons. Behold there is my sister’s son, who is like my child (And I taught him my knowledge, and he is a learned wise.” Then my lord the king said to me: “Go and bring him, that I may see him. And if he is suitable to serve me, he may stand before me, and shall serve me; and you shall go your way, and I relieve your onus , so that you may manage your old age in dignity.” Then I, Haiqar, took my sister’s son Nadan and brought him into the presence of King Sennacherib. When the king looked at him, he rejoiced in him and said: “May god preserve this your son. And as you served me and my father Sarhadum and carried out our undertakings, so may Nadan your son serve me and carry out my undertakings, so that I may make him powerful, (f. 184a) and I may honor him for your sake and bestow grace upon him.” And I did obeisance to the king and said, “May my lord the king live forever and eons! I desire of you my lord that you be patient with my sister’s son Nadan and forgive his mistakes, so that he may serve you as I served you and your father before.” Then Sennacherib gave him his word and swore to him that he should be with him in all honor and nobility and that he would do him all good. And I, Haiqar, kissed the hand of the king, taking Nadan with me and I taught him night and day till I had filled him more with science, wisdom, and knowledge than with bread and water. And I taught him and spoke to him proverbs thus: {.body-2}
### Knowledge of Haiqar the wise and his fine proverbs {.text-h5 .primary--text}
### Knowledge of Haiqar the wise and his fine proverbs {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
1- O my son Nadan! Hear my speech and follow my advice and recall this my saying, as if it were God’s saying. {.body-2}
......@@ -162,7 +158,7 @@ Then I took to myself Nadan my sister’s son, and because he was still a boy ch
63- O my child! a frog leg in your hand is better than a goose in the pot of your neighbor, a sheep near to you is better than an ox far away; and a sparrow in your hand is better than a thousand in flight; gathering in poverty is better than scattering in abundance; and a living fox is better than a dead lion (I mean a living man with a pedigree is better than a sinful man…); and a pound of wool is better than a pound of riches, I mean of gold and silver; for gold and silver are hidden and covered up in the earth, and are not seen, but wool stays in the markets and it is visible, and it is a beauty to him who wears it. {.body-2}
64- O my son! bury an utterance in your heart and it will be good for you, and reveal not the secret of your friend, for if you reveal his secret, you alter and destroy him. {.body-2}
64- O my son! bury an utterance in your heart and it will be good for you, and reveal not the secret of your friend, for if you reveal his secret, you alter and destroy him. {.body-2}
65- O my child! let not a word issue from your mouth till you have taken counsel with your heart, for it is better for you to misstep than to misspeak. {.body-2}
......@@ -367,4 +363,3 @@ And he said to me, “Why are you wroth with me?” Then I said to him, “Becau
Now the story of Haiqar the wise Persian, the skillful philosopher, has come to a conclusion, he who first worshiped idols but at the end he believed in God and acknowledged His great name. And his teaching to his sister’s son is finished. {.body-2}
And you O blessed listeners! may God forgive your sins and iniquities, and may He make his mercy flow upon you, and may He save you from all evils and sorrows, and all misfortunes and calamities, and all plagues and afflictions, and may He fill your hearts with all understanding and all spiritual knowledge, that you may protect yourselves and keep away (f. 213a) from all hate and envy and jealousy, and from each sin, by the prayer of all the righteous and the rightly guided. And praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, Amen. The mercy of God be upon all of us, Amen. **The story of Haiqar the wise is completed.** {.body-2}
This diff is collapsed.
......@@ -13,3 +13,473 @@ The aim of the project is to fill this gap and provide a textual and literary an
Therefore, the main text witnesses of the Syriac and Arabic versions have been identified, transcribed and translated. Furthermore, the names of persons, places, motifs and biblical references have been tagged. It has been appended a short description and further literature to the manuscripts. Related to the manuscripts, it should be noticed that several Syriac text witnesses bear impacts of local spoken language (esp. regarding vocalization and spirantization). Only those phenomena that can be described as gross errors have been corrected. In regard of the secondary role of vocalization and spirantization in Syriac, both elements have been left almost completely out. The translations were leaned on former translations and possess several corrections.{.body-2}
All texts in the present archive are reserved under a Creative Commons Licence (CC-BY-SA). These texts were created as XML-files with an own scheme and in following the [Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange (in version P5) of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI)](http://www.tei-c.org/). However, some of the images were reserved under a Creative Commons Licence (CC-BY-SA), too, while others can be used only with a VPN-connection of the University of Göttingen.{.body-2}
## Format {.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
### Page beginning {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
```HTML
<pb n="PAGE" facs="TEXTGRID-URI"/>
```
The n attribute hosts the page number, e.g. 2r and sould always start with a digit, followed by "r" (recto") or "v" (verso). When there is a page number available at the source, we copy the value and do not have to add "r" or "v".{.body-2 .pt-3}
Please omit the @facs in the transliteration.{.body-2}
### Empty Pages {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
Empty pages will be encoded by a sequence of tei:pb elements. If the foliation number omits these pages, we add "+1" to the last number of the original (or archival) foliation.{.body-2}
```HMTL
<pb n="PAGE" facs="TEXTGRID-URI1"/>
<pb n="PAGE" facs="TEXTGRID-URI2"/>
<pb n="PAGE" facs="TEXTGRID-URI3"/>
```
### Special case: Ms. Graffin {.text-h5 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
In case of Ms. Graffin the manuscript is lost, but we have an edition by Francois Nau in which the page beginnings of the manuscript have been noted. While the page beginnings of the edition are encoded as usual page beginnings, the ones of the lost manuscript are encoded as follows:{.body-2}
```HTML
<note hand="#Nau" type="manuscript_page_beginning">(p. 2)</note>
```
Nau as the one responsible for the addition "(p. 2)" is listed in the `tei:teiHeader` under `tei:editionStmt` as follows{.body-2 .pt-3}
```HTML
<editionStmt>
<respStmt xml:id="Nau">
<resp when="1920">Former editor</resp>
<persName>François Nau</persName>
</respStmt>
</editionStmt>
```
### Column beginning {.text-h5 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
```HTML
<cb/>
```
Every column is marked up at the beginning.{.body-2 .pt-3}
### Line {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
Every line of text should be represented via{.body-2}
```HTML
<ab>line of text</ab>
```
To encode a blank line (it has to be an intentionally left space between to lines!) the correct encoding is <ab/>{.body-2 .pt-3}
### Verse Line {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
A verse line, that interrupts the usual prose style, we are using tei:lg for the stanza and tei:l for all lines.{.body-2}
```HTML
<lg>
<l>line1</l>
<l>line2</l>
</lg>
```
### Heading-like structures {.text-h5 .pt-3 .mb-3 .primary--text}
When there is a division into different sections, may be not applied to the complete document or not applied homogeneously, we indicate this by NOT using tei:head (what causes other structures to be used in the XML file) and encode this with{.body-2}
```HTML
<ab type="head">section 123</ab>
```
### Lost or damaged areas {.text-h5 .pt-3 .mb-3 .primary--text}
If a part of a document is lost or damaged we can use{.body-2}
```HTML
<damage extent="half page">
```
The extent attribute lists the quantity of the lost part like the following:{.body-2 .pt-3}
- one page{.body-2}
- half page{.body-2}
- one line{.body-2}
- two words{.body-2}
When the lost content can be reproduced, Additions by the author can be used.{.body-2 .pt-3}
### Colophon {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
```HTML
<ab type="colophon">end of the text</ab>
```
There is a corresponding part in the tei:teiHeader, pointing to these lines with a tei:colophon.{.body-2 .pt-3}
### Inline Colophon {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
```HTML
<ab>and she died. <seg type="colophon">end of the text</seg></ab>
```
### Poetic Colophones {.text-h5 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
```HTML
<lg type="colophon">
<l>line 1<l>
<l>line 2</l>
</lg>
```
### Line breaks within markup {.text-h5 .pt-3 .mb-3.primary--text}
Since we have to maintain the hierarchical structure of XML, we have to use use two linked elements for encoding phenomena on different lines like the following example:{.body-2}
```HTML
<ab><persName next="#mss1234_2r_1">-ihA</persName>more text</ab>
<ab><persName xml:id="mss1234_2r_1">rak</persName></ab>
```
Both persNames are linkes so it marks up the same entitry and not two different, or two times the same entity. Please notice the "#" to point to an xml:id. xml:id MUST NOT start with a digit. The structure of the xml:id value is RECOMMENDED as: SIGNATURE-OR-MS-ID_PAGE_NUMBER. Oxygen supports the linking mechanism. When a "#" is typed in, a list with all currently used xml:id shows selectable items.{.body-2 .pt-3}
Word break together with line break{.body-2}
```HTML
<ab>this is my sen</ab>
<ab><lb break="no"/>tence.</ab>
```
## Language {.text-h4 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
`@xml:lang` will be used to set a language for all descendant XML nodes. We are using a set of 7 values:{.body-2}
- ara (Arabic){.body-2}
- syc (Classical Syriac){.body-2}
- eng (English){.body-2}
- lat (Latin){.body-2}
- karshuni (Karshuni){.body-2}
- syc-syrj (Western Syriac){.body-2}
- syc-syrn (Eastern Syriac){.body-2}
These values have to be declared in the TEI header as described [here](https://wiki.de.dariah.eu/display/AHK/TEI+Header). They match the `ident` attribute of a `tei:language` declared in the TEI header.{.body-2 .pt-3}
## Textual Content {.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
### Headlines {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
```HTML
<head>Headline</head>
```
head is to be used without tei:ab.{.body-2 .pt-3}
### Proverbs {.text-h5 .pt-2 .mb-3 .primary--text}
```HTML
<quote>It was, so it is not.</quote>
```
Any proverb will be encoded as quotation.{.body-2 .pt-3}
In a longer segment, we have to link the lines with \@next attributes.{.body-2}
```HTML
<ab>some other text<quote next="#prov1">It was,</quote></ab>
<ab><quote xml:id="prov1">so it is not.</quote> an more other text</ab>
```
### Highlighted Parts{.text-h5 .pt-3 .mb-3 .primary--text}
Textual content that is highlighted by using a different colour, and underline or other text decoration.{.body-2}
```HTML
<hi rend="underline">highlighted text</hi>
```
The rend attribute MAY contains one or more (separated by whitespace) of the following:{.body-2 .pt-3}
- underline{.body-2}
- color(red) - any color name from [this list](https://www.w3schools.com/colors/colors_names.asp) is applicable, always in lower-case{.body-2}
- italic{.body-2}
### Empty Lines {.text-h5 .pt-3 .mb-3 .primary--text}
When a line is left intentionally empty (may be to include text later on) we encode an empty element{.body-2}
```HTML
<ab/>
```
If the reason is unclear we continoue the encoding and set a marker for a pace between two lines{.body-2 .pt-3}
```HTML
<ab>first line</ab>
<ab rend="margin-top">second line with a space to the next line</ab>
```
### Additions by the editor {.text-h5 .pt-3 .mb-3 .primary--text}
Text added by the editor has to be marked up with{.body-2}
```HTML
<supplied>added text</supplied>
```
### Additions by the author {.text-h5 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
#### Surplus {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
Text added by the author (e.g. to maintain a justified style) we are using{.body-2}
```HTML
<surplus>additional character or text, may be repeated in the next line</surplus>
```
This element is used for additional text that is in the dpcument for unknown reason.{.body-2 .pt-3}
#### Interlinear or marginal additions {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
Additions to be read within the text placed around the main part (interlinear, marginal, footer){.body-2}
```HTML
<add place="margin">addition</add>
```
These parts are encoded at the place where the addition belongs to, to maintain a readable text.{.body-2 .pt-3}
Allowed values in the place attribute:{.body-2}
- margin{.body-2}
- interlinear{.body-2}
- footer{.body-2}
- header{.body-2}
- above{.body-2}
- below{.body-2}
### Deletions {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
A word, phrase or other part deleted by the author.{.body-2}
```HTML
<del rend="strikethrough">this part is deleted</del>
```
The rend attribute is optional, allowed values are:{.body-2 .pt-3}
- strikethrough{.body-2}
### Abreviations {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
### Widows and orphans {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
```HTML
<catchwords>phrase to ensure correct order</catchwords>
```
### Typos {.text-h5 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
Errors in writing are encoded in a diplomatic way together with a corrected form. The following encoding indicates that the correction has been made by a scribe:{.body-2}
```HTML
<choice><sic>errro</sic><corr>error</corr></choice>
```
If a correction is made by an editor a `resp` attribute has to be added to the tei:corr element pointing to the editors xml:id as named in the tei:teiHeader (tei:editor).{.body-2. .pt-3}
Entry in the teiHeader:{.body-2}
```HTML
<titleStmt>
<title type="main">The Story and Proverbs of Ahiqar the Wise</title>
<editor xml:id="sb">Simon Birol</editor>
<editor xml:id="ae">Aly Elrefaei</editor>
</titleStmt>
```
Encoding of the correction{.body-2 .pt-3}
```HTML
<choice>
<sic>errro</sic>
<corr resp="#sb">error</corr>
</choice>
<choice>
<sic>errro</sic>
<corr resp="#ae">error</corr>
</choice>
```
Please keep in mind that `tei:choice` needs two child elements.{.body-2 .pt-3}
### Unclear reding {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
Transcriptions made with a somewhat higher level of uncertainty are marked up with{.body-2}
```HTML
<unclear reason="illegible">not sure if this transcription is correct</unclear>
```
### Glyphs and other characters{.text-h5 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
For quotation marks the tei:g element is used with a current character that represents the original one.{.body-2}
```HTML
<g>»</g>a quote<g>«</g>
```
### Multilingualism {.text-h5 .pt-3 .mb-3 .primary--text}
When words or lines of a text written in a language different from the one specified in a superior `tei:text` element, the language should be marked up.{.body-2}
{.body-2}
```HTML
<ab>a sentence <seg xml:lang="ger">mit mehreren</seg> words in German.</ab>
<ab xml:lang="ger">Wenn ganze Zeilen in einer anderen Sprache stehen.</ab>
```
Any language code used here MUST BE one of the codes mentioned in the section Language.{.body-2 .pt-3}
### Annotations (special case) {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
Harvard 80 contains several witnesses inside a single document. The copyists notes are separated by `tei:note/@resp` if they can be distinguished. Anonymous writers are marked as "anonym".{.body-2}
```HTML
<ab>
<note resp="#anonym">another manuscript has added
<cit type="verbatim">
<quote><persName>ܣܢܚܪܝܒܼ</persName></quote>
<bibl type="provided-by-editor" source="#S5">S5</bibl>
</cit>
</note>
</add>
```
While the text of the note is a direct child of `tei:note` , the word or phrase "quoted" from the other manuscript(s) are marked with `tei:cit` as described in Quotes and paraphrases of other works.{.body-2 .pt-2}
If the hand has been identified successfully, the `xml:id` given in `@tei:resp` has to be resolved in the TEI header within the element `tei:ms:item` using `tei:respStmt`:{.body-2}
```HTML
<msContents>
<msItem>
<textLang>Classical Syriac</textLang>
<respStmt xml:id="anonym">
<resp notBefore="1856" notAfter="1913">Scribe</resp>
<persName>unknown</name>
</respStmt>
</msItem>
</msContents>
```
#### Content of other manuscripts mentioned in annotations {.text-h5 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
In some cases known or unknown annotators add philological information by stating that a certain word or phrase is different in another manuscript. These "quotes" are encoded as `tei:cit` just as described in Quotes and paraphrases of other works.{.body-2}
```HTML
<note>
[… previous text …]
<cit type="verbatim">
<quote><persName>ܣܢܚܪܝܒܼ</persName></quote>
<bibl type="provided-by-editor" source="#S5">S5</bibl>
</cit>
</note>
```
#### Enumeration labels {.text-h5 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
In some manuscripts the proverbs are enumerated. Their labels are encoded with `tei:seg[@type = "label"]`.{.body-2}
```HTML
<ab><seg type="label">1.</seg> Text of the proverb/saying.</ab>
```
### Quotes and paraphrases of other works {.text-h5 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
In some cases the text of Ahiqar directly quotes or paraphrases other works like the Bible. These occurrences are encoded with `tei:cit` as follows:{.body-2}
#### Quotation {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
```HTML
<cit type="verbatim">
<quote>In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.</quote>
<bibl type="provided-by-editor" source="#item-in-listBibl">Gen 1,1.</bibl>
</cit>
```
The source given in `@source` has to be resolved in the TEI header within `listBibl` .{.body-2 .pt-2}
```HTML
<listBibl>
<bibl xml:id="item-in-listBibl">Some reference.</bibl>
</listBibl>
```
#### Paraphrase {.text-h5 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
```HTML
<cit type="paraphrase">
<quote>The fifth dawn was breaking.</quote>
<note type="original-phrase">And evening passed and morning came, marking the fifth day.</note>
<bibl type="provided-by-editor" source="#item-in-listBibl">Gen 1,23.</bibl>
</cit>
```
Again, the source given in `@source` has to be resolved in the TEI header within `listBibl` .{.body-2 .pt-2}
```HTML
<listBibl> <bibl xml:id="item-in-listBibl">Some reference.</bibl> </listBibl>
```
#### If a paraphrase refers to more than one other text{.text-h5 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
In some cases, a paraphrase alludes more than one other text. In this case we have to make the connection between `tei:note` and `tei:bibl` clear by using the `@corresp` and `@xml:id` attributes.{.body-2}
The following example is taken from SMMJ 162:{.body-2}
```HTML
<cit type="paraphrase">
<quote xml:id="prov5.1.spr66">ܢܟ̈ܣܐ܂ ܥܕܡܐ ܕܡܹܬܡܲܠܝܐ ܥܦܪܐ܂</quote>
<note corresp="#Peshitta_Prov_Eccl_etc_Prov_27_20_bibl" type="original-phrase">ܫܝܘܠ ܘܐܒܕܢܐ ܠܐ ܣܒܥܝܢ܂ ܗܟܢܐ ܐܦ ܥܝܢܗܘܢ ܕܒܢ̈ܝ ܐܢܫܐ ܠܐ ܣܒܥܐ</note>
<bibl xml:id="Peshitta_Prov_Eccl_etc_Prov_27_20_bibl" type="provided-by-editor" source="#Peshitta_Prov_Eccl_etc">Prov 27,20.</bibl>
<note corresp="#Peshitta_Prov_Eccl_etc_Eccl_1_8_bibl" type="original-phrase">ܟܠܗܘܢ ܦܬ̈ܓܡܐ ܠܐܝܢ܂ ܠܐ ܢܣܒܥ ܓܒܪܐ ܠܡܡܠܠܘ܂ ܘܠܐ ܣܒܥܐ ܥܝܢܐ ܠܡܚܙܐ܂ ܘܠܐ ܡܠܝܐ ܐܕܢܐ ܠܡܫܡܥ܂</note>
<bibl xml:id="Peshitta_Prov_Eccl_etc_Eccl_1_8_bibl" type="provided-by-editor" source="#Peshitta_Prov_Eccl_etc">Eccl 1,8.</bibl>
</cit>
```
#### Quotes and paraphrases that span more than one line{.text-h5 .mb-3 .pt-3 .primary--text}
Quotes and paraphrases aren't restricted to one line but can encompass several ones. The basic mechanism is the same as connecting proverbs with each other via `@next` and `@xml:id` . It is encoded as follows (with a simplified example from SMMJ 162):{.body-2}
```HTML
<ab>
<cit type="paraphrase" next="#prov5.spr66.2">
<quote next="#prov5.1.spr66">ܕܒܪܐܢܫܐ ܡܒܘܼܥܐ ܗܝܿ܂ ܘܠܐ ܣܿܒܥܐ</quote>
</cit>
</ab>
<ab>
<cit type="paraphrase" xml:id="prov5.spr66.2">
<quote xml:id="prov5.1.spr66">ܢܟ̈ܣܐ܂ ܥܕܡܐ ܕܡܹܬܡܲܠܝܐ ܥܦܪܐ܂</quote>
<note type="original-phrase">ܫܝܘܠ ܘܐܒܕܢܐ ܠܐ ܣܒܥܝܢ܂ ܗܟܢܐ ܐܦ ܥܝܢܗܘܢ ܕܒܢ̈ܝ ܐܢܫܐ ܠܐ ܣܒܥܐ</note>
<bibl type="provided-by-editor" source="#Peshitta_Prov_Eccl_etc">Prov 27,20.</bibl>
</cit>
</ab>
```
As is documented in the example, both `tei:cit` and `tei:quote` are connected with their respective counterpart via `@next` and `@xml:id`. Since the whole quote or paraphrase refers to the same referenced work, `tei:note` and `tei:bibl` only have to be set once in the last `tei:cit` element of the quote/paraphrase.{.body-2 .pt-2}
## Entities {.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
### Persons and person-like entities{.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
```HTML
<persName>Ahikar</persName>
```
We are using persName for human beings and other impersonated entities like gods.{.body-2 .pt-2}
### Places{.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
```HTML
<placeName>Ashur</placeName>
```
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......@@ -6,4 +6,68 @@ layout: Layout
# {{ $frontmatter.title }}{.text-h1 .mt-4 .mb-6 .primary--text}
Please read the [Imprint of the Göttingen State and University Library](https://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/en/imprint/) {.body-2}
## Provider {.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
The provider of this website in the legal sense is the Göttingen State and University Library: {.body-2}
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
Platz der Göttinger Sieben 1
37073 Göttingen {.body-2}
Phone: +49 (0) 551 – 39 5212
Fax: +49 (0) 551 – 39 5222
[sekretariat@sub.uni-goettingen.de](mailto:sekretariat@sub.uni-goettingen.de)
[www.sub.uni-goettingen.de](http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/) {.body-2}
The Göttingen State and University Library is represented by the Executive Director Dr. Wolfram Horstmann. As a central institution, the SUB Göttingen is an organizational, legally non-independent unit of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. The Georg-August-Universität Göttingen is a corporation under public law. It is legally represented by the President Prof. Dr. Metin Tolan. {.body-2}
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Wilhelmsplatz 1
37073 Göttingen {.body-2}
Phone: +49 (0) 551 – 39 0
Fax: +49 (0) 551 – 39 9612
[poststelle@uni-goettingen.de](mailto:poststelle@uni-goettingen.de) {.body-2}
## Responsible supervisory authority{.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Stiftung Öffentlichen Rechts, Stiftungsausschuss Universität (§§ 59 Abs. 2, 60 Abs. 2 Satz 2 Nr. 7,60 a Abs. 1 NHG), Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073 Göttingen {.body-2}
Umsatzsteuer-Identifikationsnummer gemäß § 27 a Umsatzsteuergesetz: DE 152 336 201{.body-2}
Inhaltlich Verantwortliche gemäß § 55 Abs. 2 RStV: {.body-2}
Prof. Dr. Reinhard Gregor Kratz
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Theologische Fakultät
Platz der Göttinger Sieben 2
37073 Göttingen {.body-2}
Tel.: +49 (0) 551 – 39 27130 {.body-2}
and {.body-2}
Zeki Mustafa Doğan
Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek
Abteilung Digitale Bibliothek
Platz der Göttinger Sieben 1
37073 Göttingen {.body-2}
Tel.: +49 (0) 551 39-24924 {.body-2}
## Responsible data protection officer{.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
[Data Protection Officer of the University of Göttingen (without UMG)](https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/576209.html) {.body-2}
## Privacy policy{.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
Information on data privacy can be found on the Data privacy INTERNAL LINK page. {.body-2}
## Disclaimer{.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
Despite careful control of the content, we assume no liability for the content of external links. The operators of the linked pages are solely responsible for their content. {.body-2}
## Licence {.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
All content developed as part of the Ahiqar Project and accessible on this website is licensed under [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). {.body-2}
......@@ -10,9 +10,12 @@ layout: Layout
### Tab. 1: Proverbs of Ahiqar – missing in SMMJ 162, BL Add. 7200, Sachau 162 {.text-h5 .primary--text}
| Nos. | Content (English, Syriac) | **Cambridge Add. 2020** | **BL Or. 2313** | **BnF syr. 434** | **Aleppo SCAA 7/229** | **NDS 611 &** **612** | **Sachau 336** | Mingana syr. 433 | **Ms. Graffin** | **BnF syr. 422** | **Strasb. S4122, Harvard syr. 80, Sado 9** | Mosul DFM 430 | |
| ---- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------- | ---------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- | -------------- | ---------------- | --------------- | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------ | ------------- | ---- |
| 1 | My son, he who does not hear with his ears, they make himhear with the nape of his neck. | ܒܪܝ ܡܿܢ ܕܠܐ ܫܡܥ ܡܼܢ ܐܕܢܘܗ̈ܝ ܡܼܢ ܒܣܬܪ ܩܕܠܗ ܡܫܡܥܝܼܢ ܠܗ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 1* | 1 | [lost] | 1* | 1* |
<div class="v-data-table theme--light">
<div class="v-data-table__wrapper">
| Nos. | Content (English, Syriac) | **Cambridge Add. 2020** | **BL Or. 2313** | **BnF syr. 434** | **Aleppo SCAA 7/229** | **NDS 611 &** **612** | **Sachau 336** | Mingana syr. 433 | **Ms. Graffin** | **BnF syr. 422** | **Strasb. S4122, Harvard syr. 80, Sado 9** | Mosul DFM 430 | |
| ---- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | :---------------: | :----------------: | :---------------------: | :---------------------: | :--------------: | :----------------: | :---------------: | :----------------: | :------------------------------------------: | :-------------: | :----: |
| 1 | My son, he who does not hear with his ears, they make himhear with the nape of his neck. | ܒܪܝ ܡܿܢ ܕܠܐ ܫܡܥ ܡܼܢ ܐܕܢܘܗ̈ܝ ܡܼܢ ܒܣܬܪ ܩܕܠܗ ܡܫܡܥܝܼܢ ܠܗ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 1* | 1 | [lost] | 1* | 1* |
| 2 | My son <persName>Nadan</persName> answered and said to me: “Why are you [so] angered against your son?” I answered and said to him: “My son, I set you on the throne of honour and you have cast me down from my throne. And as for me, my righteousness has saved me. | ܥܢܼܐ ܢܕܢ ܒܪܝ ܘܐܡܪ ܠܝܼ ܠܡܢܐ ܐܬܼܚܡܬܼܬܿ ܥܠ ܒܪܟ ܥܢܿܝܬܼ ܘܐܡܪܬܼ ܠܗ ܐܢܐ ܒܪܝ ܥܠ ܟܘܼܪܣܝܐ ܕܐܝܼܩܪܐ ܐܘܬܿܒܼܬܟ ܘܐܢܬܿ ܡܼܢ ܟܘܼܪܣܝ ܣܚܦܬܢܝ ܘܠܝܼ ܟܐܢܘܼܬܼܝ ܫܘܙܒܼܬܼܢܝ | 2 | 2 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 10 | | 2 | 32 | 2 | |
| 3 | My son, You have been to me like a scorpion, which strikesat a rock. And it said to it: “You have struck at anunconcerned heart.” And it struck at a needle, and they say to it: “You have struck at a sting worse than your own.” | ܗܘܝܬܿ ܠܝܼ ܒܪܝ ܐܝܟ ܥܩܪܒܼܐ ܕܡܚܝܐ ܠܫܘܿܥܐ ܘܐܡܪ ܠܗܿ ܥܠ ܠܒܐ ܫܠܝܐ ܡܚܝܬܿܝ ܘܡܚܬ ܠܡܚܛܐ ܘܐܡܪܝܼܢ ܠܗ ܡܚܝܬܿܝ ܠܥܘܼܩܣܐ ܕܒܼܝܼܫ ܡܼܢ ܕܝܼܠܟܼܝ | 3 | 3 | 26 | 9 | 3 | 12 | | 3 | 34 | 3* | |
| 4 | My son, You have been to me like a he-goat that was standing over a sumac tree and eating it. And the sumac tree said to it: “Why are you eating me, [seeing] that my offspring is serving your skin?” The he-goat said: “ I eat you during my life(time), and after my death they will pluck you up by your roots.” | ܗܘܝܬܼ ܠܝܼ ܒܪܝ ܐܝܟ ܥܙܐ ܕܩܝܿܡܐ ܗܘܼܬܼ ܥܠ ܐܘܼܓܐ ܘܐܟܼܠܐ ܠܗ ܘܐܡܪ ܠܗܿ ܐܘܼܓܐ ܡܛܠ ܡܢܐ ܐܟܼܠܐ ܐܢܬܼܝ ܠܝܼ ܕܡܫܟܟܼܝ ܒܥܩܪܝ ܦܠܚܿܝܼܢ ܠܗ ܐܡܪܐ ܠܗ ܥܙܐ ܐܟܠܬܟ ܒܚ̈ܝܝ ܘܒܼܡܘܬܿܝ ܡܼܢ ܥܩܪܟ ܢܥܩܪܘܼܢܟ | 4 | 4 | 36 | 10 | 5 | 14 | | 5 | X1 | 4 | |
......@@ -56,14 +59,16 @@ layout: Layout
| X2 | You have been to me like a partridge that was not able to save itself from death. However, it gathered around it his friends and he made sink them to murder. | ܗܘܸܝܬܿ ܠܝ ܐܝܟ ܚܓܠܼܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܦܿܨܐ ܢܦܫܗ ܡܼܢ ܡܘܬܐ܂ ܘܠܚܒܼܪ̈ܘܗܝ ܠܘܬܼܗ ܡܟܲܢܫ ܘܡܛܿܒܥ ܠܗܘܢ ܒܩܛܠܐ܂ | | | | | | | | | | | |
| X3 | My son, you have to me like a man who despise the oxes [and] let them alive. | ܐܝܟ ܐܢܫ ܕܒܣܪ | | | | | | | | | | | |
</div>
</div>
### Tab. 2: Proverbs of Ahiqar – presence in the textual witnesses{.text-h5 .pt-6 .primary--text}
### Tab. 2: Proverbs of Ahiqar – presence in the textual witnesses{.text-h5 .primary--text}
<div class="v-data-table theme--light">
<div class="v-data-table__wrapper">
| Nos. | Content (English, Syriac) | **Appearances** | **Textual witnesses** | |
| ---- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| ---- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | :-------------------: | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| 1 | My son, he who does not hear with his ears, they make himhear with the nape of his neck. | ܒܪܝ ܡܿܢ ܕܠܐ ܫܡܥ ܡܼܢ ܐܕܢܘܗ̈ܝ ܡܼܢ ܒܣܬܪ ܩܕܠܗ ܡܫܡܥܝܼܢ ܠܗ | 10 | Cambridge Add. 2020, BL Or. 2313, BnF syr. 434, SCAA 7/228, NDS 611, NDS 612, Ms. Graffin, Strasbourg S4122, Harvard syr. 80, Sado 9 |
| 2 | My son <persName>Nadan</persName> answered and said to me: “Why are you [so] angered against your son?” I answered and said to him: “My son, I set you on the throne of honour and you have cast me down from my throne. And as for me, my righteousness has saved me. | ܥܢܼܐ ܢܕܢ ܒܪܝ ܘܐܡܪ ܠܝܼ ܠܡܢܐ ܐܬܼܚܡܬܼܬܿ ܥܠ ܒܪܟ ܥܢܿܝܬܼ ܘܐܡܪܬܼ ܠܗ ܐܢܐ ܒܪܝ ܥܠ ܟܘܼܪܣܝܐ ܕܐܝܼܩܪܐ ܐܘܬܿܒܼܬܟ ܘܐܢܬܿ ܡܼܢ ܟܘܼܪܣܝ ܣܚܦܬܢܝ ܘܠܝܼ ܟܐܢܘܼܬܼܝ ܫܘܙܒܼܬܼܢܝ | 7 | Cambridge Add. 2020, NDS 611, NDS 612, Ms. Graffin, Strasbourg S4122, Harvard syr. 80, Sado 9 |
| 3 | My son, You have been to me like a scorpion, which strikesat a rock. And it said to it: “You have struck at anunconcerned heart.” And it struck at a needle, and they say to it: “You have struck at a sting worse than your own.” | ܗܘܝܬܿ ܠܝܼ ܒܪܝ ܐܝܟ ܥܩܪܒܼܐ ܕܡܚܝܐ ܠܫܘܿܥܐ ܘܐܡܪ ܠܗܿ ܥܠ ܠܒܐ ܫܠܝܐ ܡܚܝܬܿܝ ܘܡܚܬ ܠܡܚܛܐ ܘܐܡܪܝܼܢ ܠܗ ܡܚܝܬܿܝ ܠܥܘܼܩܣܐ ܕܒܼܝܼܫ ܡܼܢ ܕܝܼܠܟܼܝ | 7 | Cambridge Add. 2020, NDS 611, NDS 612, Ms. Graffin, Strasbourg S4122, Harvard syr. 80, Sado 9 |
......@@ -107,3 +112,6 @@ layout: Layout
| X1 | My son, the old-age of the eagle is better than the youth of the vulture. | ܒܸܪܝ ܛܵܒܼܐ ܣܲܝܒܿܘܲܬܹܗ ܕܢܹܫܵܪܐ ܡܼܢ ܥܠܲܝܡܘܼܬܼܗ ܕܟܼܘܼܕܪܵܐ܀ | 2 | Aleppo SCAA 7/229, Sachau 336 |
| X2 | You have been to me like a partridge that was not able to save itself from death. However, it gathered around it his friends and he made sink them to murder. | ܗܘܸܝܬܿ ܠܝ ܐܝܟ ܚܓܠܼܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܦܿܨܐ ܢܦܫܗ ܡܼܢ ܡܘܬܐ܂ ܘܠܚܒܼܪ̈ܘܗܝ ܠܘܬܼܗ ܡܟܲܢܫ ܘܡܛܿܒܥ ܠܗܘܢ ܒܩܛܠܐ܂ | 4 | Sachau 336, Strasbourg S4122, Harvard syr. 80, Sado 9 |
| X3 | My son, you have to me like a man who despise the oxes [and] let them alive. | ܐܝܟ ܐܢܫ ܕܒܣܪ | 3 | Strasbourg S4122, Harvard syr. 80, Sado 9 | {.body-2}
</div>
</div>
......@@ -6,4 +6,113 @@ layout: Layout
# {{ $frontmatter.title }}{.text-h1 .mt-4 .mb-6 .primary--text}
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......@@ -30,18 +30,18 @@ This historical-critical edition of the Syriac and Arabic Ahiqar texts is a proj
#### SUBUGOE Technical {.text-h5 .mb-1 .mt-2 .primary--text}
- [Manikanth Dindigala](https://https://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/en/contact/staff-a-z/staff-details/person/manikanth-dindigala/) {.body-2}
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#### Consulting SUBUGOE {.text-h5 .mb-1 .mt-2 .primary--text}
- [Uwe Sikora](https://https://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/en/contact/staff-a-z/staff-details/person/uwe-sikora/) and [Christian Mahnke](https://https://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/en/contact/staff-a-z/staff-details/person/christian-mahnke) {.body-2}
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## Technical Documentation {.text-h4 .mb-3 .mt-3 .primary--text}
......
......@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ layout: Layout
## Tab. 1: Sayings of Ahiqar (missing in BnF syr. 434 & BL Or. 2313) {.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
<div class="v-data-table theme--light">
<div class="v-data-table__wrapper">
| Content | Manuscripts | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| -------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------- | ---------------------- | -------------------- | ---------------- | -------------- | -------------- | ------------ | ---------------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ---------- | ------------- |
| Nos. | English | Syriac | **Cambridge Add. 2020** | **Jerusalem SMMJ 162** | **Aleppo SCAA 7229** | **BL Add. 7200** | **Sachau 162** | **Sachau 336** | Mingana 433 | **BnF syr. 422** | **Strasbourg S4122 & Harvard syr. 80** | **Ms Graffin, NDS 611 & 612** | **Sado 9** | DFM 430 |
......@@ -109,7 +112,8 @@ layout: Layout
| D3 | My son, strength cannot withstand four [elements]: Armies of satraps, an evil lifestyle, a crafty conscience, and a fraud flock. | ܒܹܿܪܝ ܥܲܡ ܐܲܪ̈ܒܲܥ ܠܵܐ ܡܲܨܝܵܐ ܕܲܢܟܲܬܲܪ ܐܘܚܕܵܢܵܐ܂ ܚܲܝ̈ܠܵܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܣܵܛܵܪ̈ܦܵܐ܂ ܘܒܼܝܼܫܘܼܬܼ ܕܘܼܒܵܪܵܐ܂ ܘܬܹܐܪܬܵܐ ܢܟܼܝܼܠܬܵܐ܂ ܘܥܘܼܠܒܲܢ ܡܲܪܥܝܼܬܼܵܐ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| D4 | My son, four other [elements]: intelligent and foolish [man], rich and poor [man]. | ܘܡܹܣܟܹܿܢܵܐ܂܂ ܒܹܪܝ ܐܸܪܒܲܥ ܨܸܒܼܘܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܐ̄ܚܪܹ̈ܢܝܵܬܼܵܐ܂ ܝܵܕܼܘܿܥܵܐ ܘܣܲܟܼܠܵܐ܂ ܘܥܲܬܿܝܼܪܵܐ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
</div>
</div>
1-75: Syriac text according to Cambridge Add. 2020
......@@ -125,11 +129,10 @@ D: Syriac text according to Mosul DFM 430
No Proverbs of the first part are transmitted in the manuscripts Paris BnF syr. 434 and BL Or. 2313
## Tab. 2 {.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
<div class="v-data-table theme--light">
<div class="v-data-table__wrapper">
| Nos. | English | Syriac | **Appearances** | **Textual witnesses** |
| -------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------- | --------------------- |
......@@ -231,3 +234,6 @@ No Proverbs of the first part are transmitted in the manuscripts Paris BnF syr.
| D2 | My son, who is steadfast in true kindness, receive honour in current and inheritance in the coming [time]. | ܒܹܪܝ ܡ̇ܢ ܕܐܸܫܬܲܕܲܪ ܒܪܵܚܡܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܬܵܐ ܩܲܒܸܿܠ ܐܝܼܩܵܪܵܐ ܕܗܲܪܟܵܐ ܘܝܲܪܬܿܘܼܬܼܵܐ ܒܕܲܥ[ܬ]ܝܼܕܼ܀ | 1 | Mosul DFM 430 |
| D3 | My son, strength cannot withstand four [elements]: Armies of satraps, an evil lifestyle, a crafty conscience, and a fraud flock. | ܒܹܿܪܝ ܥܲܡ ܐܲܪ̈ܒܲܥ ܠܵܐ ܡܲܨܝܵܐ ܕܲܢܟܲܬܲܪ ܐܘܚܕܵܢܵܐ܂ ܚܲܝ̈ܠܵܘܵܬܼܵܐ ܕܣܵܛܵܪ̈ܦܵܐ܂ ܘܒܼܝܼܫܘܼܬܼ ܕܘܼܒܵܪܵܐ܂ ܘܬܹܐܪܬܵܐ ܢܟܼܝܼܠܬܵܐ܂ ܘܥܘܼܠܒܲܢ ܡܲܪܥܝܼܬܼܵܐ | 1 | Mosul DFM 430 |
| D4 | My son, four other [elements]: intelligent and foolish [man], rich and poor [man]. | ܘܡܹܣܟܹܿܢܵܐ܂܂ ܒܹܪܝ ܐܸܪܒܲܥ ܨܸܒܼܘܼܵܬܼܵܐ ܐ̄ܚܪܹ̈ܢܝܵܬܼܵܐ܂ ܝܵܕܼܘܿܥܵܐ ܘܣܲܟܼܠܵܐ܂ ܘܥܲܬܿܝܼܪܵܐ | 1 | Mosul DFM 430 |
</div>
</div>
......@@ -66,9 +66,11 @@ Though Cambridge Add. 2020 was written in Northern Iraq, it is quite different f
Furthermore, it has explicit affinities to the later manuscripts from Urmia, see e.g. the beginning of the text (in the same line (unless they are red marked) are identical words placed): {.body-2}
![Stemmata 1](./img/stemmata1.png "Stemmata 1"){ width=100% }
<a href="./assets/images/stemmata1.png" target="_blank">
<img src="./img/stemmata1_small.png" />
</a>
These three manuscripts are closely related to each other. This can be seen at best by a lost text passage in all three manuscripts, while Harvard 80 recompenses the lost text by using another submission (Ms. Urmia 117). However, the arrangement of the sayings and proverbs reveal that the copyist of Harvard 80 sticks to the same pattern (= Ms. Urmia 270) as Strasbourg S4122. Interestingly, Sado 9 can be described as a contaminated manuscript that follows mostly its submission Ms. Urmia 270 and partly uses another text. This can be seen by the arrangement of the sayings: The first 44 sayings are identical to Cambridge Add. 2020, so that its other submission has to be in close relationship to this manuscript. {.body-2}
These three manuscripts are closely related to each other. This can be seen at best by a lost text passage in all three manuscripts, while Harvard 80 recompenses the lost text by using another submission (Ms. Urmia 117). However, the arrangement of the sayings and proverbs reveal that the copyist of Harvard 80 sticks to the same pattern (= Ms. Urmia 270) as Strasbourg S4122. Interestingly, Sado 9 can be described as a contaminated manuscript that follows mostly its submission Ms. Urmia 270 and partly uses another text. This can be seen by the arrangement of the sayings: The first 44 sayings are identical to Cambridge Add. 2020, so that its other submission has to be in close relationship to this manuscript. {.body-2 .pt-3}
A second East Syriac branch is rooted in Northern Iraq. This branch has additions and annotations that were missing in the Urmia tradition. Furthermore, this tradition can be divided into two branches: The red marked branch consists of two manuscripts that have been mostly reconstructed from defective manuscripts (some parts were even re-translated from an Arabic source). The older manuscript Birmingham Mingana syr. 433 is closer to the other manuscripts than Berlin Sachau 336 in regard of wording and word order. Only in Mingana syr. 433, the name of Ahiqar's son is transcribed as „Nadab“ (in accordance with Tobit 14:10) and not as „Nadan". Even in the Arabic tradition, this writing form is not attested, and a possible confusion of letters resp. points can be excluded. The proximity to Berlin Sachau 336 is obvious though Berlin Sachau 336 has several aberrations and additions (among others the highest number of sayings and parables). Thus, Nöldeke (1913, 54) is right by saying: {.body-2}
......@@ -76,14 +78,24 @@ B (= Sachau 336; Anm. SB) ist also zusammengesetzt aus ziemlich arg entstellten
Further differences to other textual witnesses are related to the copyist's intervention, see e.g.: {.body-2}
![Stemmata 2](./img/stemmata2.png "Stemmata 2"){ width=100% }
<a href="./assets/images/stemmata2.png" target="_blank">
<img src="./img/stemmata2_small.png" />
</a>
The other five manuscripts from northern Iraq stand in a close relationship. At first, this applies to the manuscripts Notre-Dame des Semences 611 and 612 which transmitted readings of another manuscript as marginal notes. The last-mentioned manuscript is a copy of Notre-Dame des Semences 611. Ms. Graffin does not make mention of marginal notes, however, the order of word, sayings and proverbs teveals that this manuscript and Notre-Dame des Semences 611stems from the same submission. The diferences of these manuscript to Paris BnF syr. 422 are minor, whereas Mosul DFM 430 contains several paraphrases and additions: {.body-2}
The other five manuscripts from northern Iraq stand in a close relationship. At first, this applies to the manuscripts Notre-Dame des Semences 611 and 612 which transmitted readings of another manuscript as marginal notes. The last-mentioned manuscript is a copy of Notre-Dame des Semences 611. Ms. Graffin does not make mention of marginal notes, however, the order of word, sayings and proverbs teveals that this manuscript and Notre-Dame des Semences 611stems from the same submission. The diferences of these manuscript to Paris BnF syr. 422 are minor, whereas Mosul DFM 430 contains several paraphrases and additions: {.body-2 pt-3}
![Stemmata 3](./img/stemmata3.png "Stemmata 3"){ width=100% }
<a href="./assets/images/stemmata3.png" target="_blank">
<img src="./img/stemmata3_small.png" />
</a>
![Stemmata 4](./img/stemmata4.png "Stemmata 4"){ width=100% }
&nbsp;
<a href="./assets/images/stemmata4.png" target="_blank">
<img src="./img/stemmata4_small.png" />
</a>
The Syriac branch from Northern Iraq possesses many accordances to the Arabic tradition C. All in all, the stemma can be constructed in this way: {.body-2}
![Stemmata 5](./img/stemmata5.png "Stemmata 5"){ width=100% }
<a href="./assets/images/stemmata5.png" target="_blank">
<img src="./img/stemmata5_small.png" />
</a>
---
home: false
title: Syriac Translation
title: Translation of the Syriac version
layout: Layout
---
# {{ $frontmatter.title }}{.text-h1 .mt-4 .mb-6 .primary--text}
# {{ $frontmatter.title }}{.text-h1 .mt-4 .mb-6 .primary--text}
## Introductory remarks {.text-h4 .mb-3 .primary--text}
......@@ -14,11 +14,9 @@ Its text version belongs to the Urmia tradition (see LINK stemmata) and it is th
This translation is leaned against the former translation by Harris (published in Conybeare et al. 1913) and editiorial additions were put in brackets. {.body-2}
### First narrative section {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
### First narrative section {.text-h5 .primary--text}
#### Translation {.text-h5 .primary--text}
#### Translation {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
By the power of our Lord Jesus Christ, we begin to write the story. Again, by the divine power, I write the proverbs resp. the story of Ahiqar, sage and scribe of Sennacherib the king of Assyria and Nineveh. {.body-2}
......@@ -26,14 +24,8 @@ In the twentieth year of Sennacherib, son of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria and Nin
I, Ahiqar built me a great altar, all of wood and I set fire upon it and put thereon good aloe, and thus I spoke: “O Lord, my God, when I shall die and leave no son behind, what will the people say about me? (They will say this:) ‘Behold, Ahiqar the just and good and God-serving - he is dead, and has left no son to bury him, nor a daughter and his possessions, such as an accursed (man), did not have an heir.’ {.body-2}
But I beg you, God, that I may havea male child; so that when I shall die, he may cast dust on my eyes.” And this voice was heard by me: “O Ahiqar, wise scribe, all that you have asked me I have given to you; and I left you without sons; it shall suffice you – do not be afflicted; but, behold, Nadan your sister’s son: he shall be a son to you. During the growth of his stature, you shall be able to teach him everything.” And when I heard these (words), I was grieved again, and said: “O my Lord, God! It* (is that) you will give me (as a) son Nadan, my sister’s son, (so) that when I die he may throw dust on my eyes?” And again no further answer was returned to me. I obeyed his command and took to me for (as) a son, Nadan, my sister’s son. Because he was (yet) young, I furnished* him with eight wet-nurses and I brought up my son on honey, and made him lie on (choice) carpets, and clothed him in fine linen and purple; and my son grew and shot up like a cedar. When my son was grown (big), I taught him booklore and wisdom; when the king came from the place to which he had gone, he called me and said to me, o Ahiqar, the wise scribe and master of my thoughts, when you shall wax old and die, who is there to come after you and to serve me like you?” {.body-2}
I answered and said to him: “Live forever, my lord the king! I have a son, wise like myself, and book-learned like myself, and educated.” The king said to me: “Bring him and let me see him. If he is able to stand before me, I will release you in peace, and you shall spend your old age in honour, until your days will find an end.” Then I guided my son Nadan {.body-2}
and set him before the king. When the king, my lord, saw him, he said: “This day shall be a blessed day (fol. 67r) {.body-2}
......@@ -42,7 +34,7 @@ before God, so that such as Ahiqar endeavour before* of my father Esarhaddon, an
Nor did I rest from the teaching of my son, until I had filled him with learning as with bread and water. Thus, I was saying to him: {.body-2}
### Sayings {.text-h5 .primary--text}
### Sayings {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
H ear, my son Nadan, and come to my understanding, and be mindful of my words, as the words of God. {.body-2}
......@@ -198,16 +190,10 @@ and the sparrow fly without wings, and the raven becomes white as {.body-2}
snow, and the bitter turns as sweet as honey, then the fool will become wise. {.body-2}
### Second narrative section {.text-h5 .primary--text}
### Second narrative section {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
This is the teaching which Ahiqar taught to Nadan his sister’s son. {.body-2}
But I, Ahiqar, supposed that everything which I have taught Nadan, he took hold of in his heart, and that he stand in my stead in the king’s gate; and I did not know that my son Nadan did not listen to my words, but scattered them as* a wind; and returned and said that my father Ahiqar is grown old, and stands at the door to his grave; and his mind (fol. 69v) {.body-2}
has withdrawn and his intelligence is diminished. My son Nadan began to beat, slaughter, and destroy my servants; and he did not show mercy on my industrious, well-beloved and excellent servants and handmaidens; he slew my horses and hewed my good mules. {.body-2}
......@@ -220,34 +206,22 @@ Now when my son Nadan heard (thereof), he was angry and went to the gate of the
‘From Ahiqar the scribe and keeper of the seal of Sennacherib king of Assyria and Nineveh: Greeting. When this letter reaches you, stand up and come to Assyria to meet me, and I will bring you into Assyria, and you shall seize the kingdom without war.’ {.body-2}
And he wrote another letter(, as follows:) {.body-2}
‘To Pharaoh, king of Egypt, from Ahiqar the scribe and keeper of the seal of Sennacherib of Assyria and Nineveh: Greeting. When this letter shall reach you, stand up and come to meet me at Eagles’ plain, which lay to the south, on the 25th day of the month ’Āb, and I will bring you into Nineveh without war and you shall seize the kingdom.’ (fol. 70r) {.body-2}
And he made these writings of his like to my (own) handwriting; and he sealed them in the king's palace, and went (his way*). He wrote further another letter to me, as if from my lord the king Sennacherib; and he wrote it in this way: {.body-2}
‘From Sennacherib the king, to Ahiqar, my scribe and keeper of the seal: Greeting. When this letter reaches you, gather all the forces together, to the mountain that is called Ṣīṣ, and go out from thence and come to meet me at Eagles’ plain, which lay to the south, on the 25th day of the month ’Āb. When you see me approaching to you, array your forces against me, like a man that is ready for battle, for ambassadors of Pharaoh the king of Egypt were coming to me, so that they may see what forces I have.’ {.body-2}
My son Nadan sent this letter to me by the hands of two of the king’s servants. Thereupon, my son Nadan took the writings that he had written, as (one) who had (recently) found them; and he read them out in front of the king. {.body-2}
When my lord the king heard them, he lamented and said: “O God, wherein have I sinned against Ahiqar, that he will do such* to me?” {.body-2}
My son Nadan answered and said to the king: “My lord, do not be irritated nor rage. Stand up (and) let us go to Eagles’ plain on the day that is written by him in the letter. If it be true(, then) all that you command shall be done.” (Thus) my son Nadan guided the king my lord, and they came to me at Eagles’ plain and they found me while there were with me great forces that were gathered there. When I saw the king, I put my forces in array against him, as it was written in the letter. When the king saw it, he was much afraid. (Then) my son Nadan answered and said to him: “Let* it not frightens you, my lord the king. Return (and) go into your inner room in peace and Ahiqar will be (brought) before you.” {.body-2}
Then my lord the king returned to his house. My son Nadan came to me and said to me: “All that you have done, you have done finely; and much have the king praised you; and he commands you to dismiss your forces and (that) the every(body) may go to his (own) country and place and (that) you come to me (cf. king) (yourself) alone.” (fol. 70v) {.body-2}
Thereupon I came before the king. When he saw me, he said to me: “You came Ahiqar, my scribe and pupil* of Assyria and Nineveh, who whom I caused you to come into honour. But you have turned back and have been (part) of my enemies.” He gave me those letters that were written in my name and were sealed with the seal of my (own) ring. {.body-2}
When I read them, my tongue began to stammer, and my limbs became paralysed; and I sought for a single word from the words of wisdom, and I found me* none. My son Nadan answered and said to me: “Away with you from the presence of the king, foolish old man! And give your hands to bonds and your feet to iron (fetters).” {.body-2}
......@@ -312,21 +286,12 @@ I answered and said to him: “I am Ahiqar the Scribe and Seal of  Sennacherib
and which was never heard in the city of my kingdom.” Thereupon, I sat down and meditated in my heart and wrote a letter as follows: {.body-2}
“From Pharaoh, king of Egypt, to Sennacherib, king of Assyria and Nineveh, Greeting. {.body-2}
Kings have need of kings and brethren of brethren. And at this time my gifts become less, because silver is in want in my treasuries: Please, send me from your treasuries 900 talents of silver, and in a little while I will return them to their place.” And this letter, then, I rolled up and held it in my hands. And the king commanded and I came into his presence, and I said to him: “Perhaps in this letter, there is a word that have never been heard by you.” When I read it before him and before his nobles, they cried out, as they were ordered by the king (to do so), and said: “This has been heard by all of us, and it is so.” Thereupon, I said to them: “Behold, Egypt debts 900 talents to Assyria.” When the king heard (this), he marvelled. Thereupon, he said to me: “I want to build a castle between earth and sky; and its height from the earth shall be one thousand ells.” (fol. 74v) {.body-2}
Thereupon, I let out the young eagles and bound the ropes to their feet and set the boys on them; and they were saying: “Give the builders who are idle mud, mortar, tiles (and) bricks; the master yokes (it)." {.body-2}
When the king saw it, he was amazed. Then I, Ahiqar, took a rod and beat the king’s nobles, till they all fled. Thereupon, the king became enraged of me, and said {.body-2}
to me: “You rave wildly, Ahiqar, who is able to carry up anything to these boys” {.body-2}
......@@ -337,19 +302,10 @@ people and makes mock of us. “For he has caught a cat and whips it in the stre
head of this cock and returned.” The king answered and said to me: “As far as I can see, Ahiqar, since you are grown old you are become mad. For it is 360 parasangs from here to Assyria; and how can you say that in a single night this cat went and cut off the head of the cock and came back?” Thereupon, I said to him: “And - if it is 360 parasangs from Egypt to Assyria - how do your mares here hear the voice of the horse of my lord, and miscarry their foals?” When the king heard this, he was very sored* and he said to me: “Ahiqar, expound to me this parable: A pillar has on its head twelve cedars; in every cedar (there are) thirty wheels, and in every wheel two ropes, one white and one black.” I answered and said to him: “My lord the king, the herdsmen of oxes in our country knows this parable that you said. The pillar of which you have said to me is the year: the twelve cedars (are) the twelve months of the year; the thirty wheels (are) the thirty days of the month; the two ropes, one white and one black, are the day and the night.” {.body-2}
Again he said to me: “Ahiqar, twine me five ropes from the sand of the river.” And I said to him: “Command, my lord, bring (them) me from your treasury one rope of sand, and I will make (one) like him.” Thereupon, he said to me: “Unless you do this, I will not give you the tribute of Egypt.” Thereupon, I sat down and thought in my heart how I should do it. I went out from the king’s palace and bored in the wall five holes in the eastern wall of the palace. When the sun entered the holes I scattered sand in Them; and the sun's path (lit.: furrow) began to appear as if (the sand) were twined in the holes. {.body-2}
Then I said to the king: “My lord, please, take up these, and I will twine you others in their place.” When the king and his nobles saw it, they were amazed. (fol. 75v) {.body-2}
Again the king commanded to bring me an upper part of a millstone that was broken and he said to me, “Ahiqar, sew up for us this broken millstone.” Thereupon, I went and brought a lower millstone, and cast it down before the king and said to him: “My lord the king, since I am a stranger here, and have not the tools of my craft with me, command the cobblers cut me shoe straps from this lower millstone which is the fellow of the upper part of a millstone; and forthwith I will sew it (together).” When the king heard it, he laughed and said: “The day in which Ahiqar was born shall be blessed before the God of Egypt; and since I have seen you {.body-2}
alive, I will make it a great day and a feast (lit.: meal).” Thereupon, he gave me {.body-2}
......@@ -364,18 +320,9 @@ For he has forgotten my former teaching.” And the king commanded and gave me m
on his loins, and I put him in the porch of the door of my court, and gave him bread by weight and water by measure. (fol. 76r) {.body-2}
I delivered him to my boy Nabuel to guard him, and told my boy: “Write down in a tablet whatever I say to my son Nadan, when I go in or come out.” I answered and said to my son Nadan (as follows): {.body-2}
### Parables {.text-h5 .primary--text}
### Parables {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
My son, he who does not hear with his ears, they make him {.body-2}
......@@ -525,7 +472,7 @@ My son, you have verified the proverb, that says: “Call him whom you have bego
But God is He who has kept me alive: He will judge between us. {.body-2}
### Third narrative section {.text-h5 .primary--text}
### Third narrative section {.text-h5 .mb-3 .primary--text}
In that hour, Nadan, swelled up like a bag and died. To him that does good, what is good (fol. 78r) shall be recompensed; and to him that does evil, what is evil shall be rewarded. And he who dig a pit for his friend, fill it with his (own) stature. {.body-2}
......